Demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR- and XDR-TB) patients treated with optimised background regimen with and without additional meropenem/clavulanate (MC)
| Total | MC-sparing regimen | MC-containing regimen | p-value | |
| Subjects | 264 | 168 | 96 | |
| Admission year | <0.0001 | |||
| 2003 | 1/264 (0.4) | 1/168 (0.6) | 0/96 (0.0) | |
| 2005 | 2/164 (0.8) | 2/168 (1.2) | 0/96 (0.0) | |
| 2007 | 10/264 (3.8) | 10/168 (6.0) | 0/96 (0.0) | |
| 2008 | 17/264 (6.4) | 15/168 (8.9) | 2/96 (2.1) | |
| 2009 | 21/264 (8.0) | 14/168 (8.3) | 7/96 (7.3) | |
| 2010 | 32/264 (12.1) | 17/168 (10.1) | 15/96 (15.6) | |
| 2011 | 48/264 (18.2) | 22/168 (13.1) | 26/96 (27.1) | |
| 2012 | 27/264 (10.2) | 18/168 (10.7) | 9/96 (9.4) | |
| 2013 | 46/264 (13.0) | 40/168 (23.8) | 6/96 (6.3) | |
| 2014 | 51/264 (19.3) | 26/168 (15.5) | 25/96 (26.0) | |
| 2015 | 6/264 (66.7) | 3/168 (1.8) | 6/96 (6.3) | |
| Age at admission years | 33 (26–43) | 32 (26–44) | 34 (26–43) | 0.79 |
| Male | 137/263 (52.1) | 83/167 (49.7) | 54/96 (56.3) | 0.31 |
| Continent of birth | <0.0001 | |||
| Africa | 35/264 (13.39) | 30/168 (17.9) | 5/96 (5.2) | |
| Asia | 36/264 (13.6) | 33/168 (19.6) | 3/96 (3.1) | |
| Europe | 168/264 (63.6) | 96/168 (57.1) | 72/96 (75.0) | |
| Other | 25/264 (9.5) | 9/168 (5.4) | 16/96 (16.7) | |
| Migrant | 202/264 (76.5) | 129/168 (76.8) | 73/96 (76.0) | 0.89 |
| HIV test offered | 249/260 (95.8) | 161/166 (97.0) | 88/94 (93.6) | 0.20 |
| HIV-positive | 13/251 (5.2) | 5/162 (3.1) | 8/89 (9.0) | 0.04 |
| Exposure to antiretroviral therapy | 11/13 (84.6) | 5/5 (100.0) | 6/8 (75.0) | 0.22 |
| Previous exposure to anti-TB therapy | 125/262 (47.7) | 59/167 (35.3) | 66/95 (52.8) | <0.0001 |
| Times treated >1 month | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–4) | <0.0001 |
| Surgical treatment | 21/257 (8.2) | 7/165 (4.2) | 14/92 (15.2) | 0.002 |
| Prior treatment outcome | <0.0001 | |||
| Failed | 72/122 (59.0) | 23/60 (38.3) | 49/62 (79.0) | |
| Default | 6/122 (4.9) | 1/60 (1.7) | 5/62 (8.1) | |
| Completed | 7/122 (5.7) | 5/60 (8.3) | 2/62 (3.2) | |
| Cured | 7/122 (5.7) | 2/60 (3.3) | 5/62 (8.1) | |
| Transferred out | 1/122 (0.8) | 1/60 (1.7) | 0/62 (0.0) | |
| Relapse | 1/122 (0.8) | 0/60 (0.0) | 1/62 (1.6) | |
| Unknown | 28/122 (23.0) | 28/60 (46.9) | 0/62 (0.0) | |
| Form | <0.0001 | |||
| New | 139/247 (56.3) | 107/151 (70.9) | 32/96 (23.0) | |
| Relapse | 32/247 (13.0) | 19/151 (12.6) | 13/96 (13.5) | |
| Chronic | 15/247 (6.1) | 0/151 (0.09 | 15/96 (15.6) | |
| Failure | 61/247 (24.7) | 25/151 (16.6) | 36/96 (37.5) | |
| Pulmonary TB | 241/264 (91.3) | 148/168 (88.1) | 93/96 (96.9) | 0.015 |
| Extra pulmonary TB | 44/264 (16.7) | 30/168 (17.9) | 14/96 (14.6) | 0.49 |
| Radiological findings | 0.001 | |||
| Cavitary lesions | 38/238 (16.0) | 22/145 (15.2) | 16/93 (17.2) | |
| Bilateral pulmonary involvement with cavitary lesions | 96/238 (40.3) | 46/145 (31.7) | 50/93 (53.8) | |
| Bilateral pulmonary involvement | 50/238 (21.0) | 34/145 (23.5) | 16/93 (32.0) | |
| Noncavitary nonbilateral pulmonary involvement | 54/238 (22.7) | 43/145 (29.7) | 11/93 (11.8) | |
| Sputum smear-positive | 182/250 (72.8) | 97/154 (63.0) | 85/96 (88.5) | <0.0001 |
| Sputum culture-positive | 249/251 (99.2) | 153/155 (98.7) | 96/96 (100.0) | 0.53 |
| Drug resistance | ||||
| Streptomycin | 198/240 (82.5) | 122/160 (76.3) | 76/80 (95.0) | <0.0001 |
| Isoniazid | 264/264 (100.0) | 168/168 (100.0) | 96/96 (100.0) | |
| Rifampicin | 262/264 (99.2) | 167/168 (99.4) | 95/96 (99.0) | 0.69 |
| Ethambutol | 172/259 (66.4) | 92/164 (56.1) | 80/95 (84.2) | <0.0001 |
| Pyrazinamide | 157/235 (66.8) | 73/141 (51.8) | 84/94 (89.4) | <0.0001 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 73/255 (28.6) | 27/161 (16.8) | 46/94 (48.9) | <0.0001 |
| Ethionamide | 63/159 (39.69 | 63/159 (39.6) | 63/86 (73.3) | <0.0001 |
| Cycloserine | 39/186 (21.0) | 24/111 (21.6) | 15/75 (20.0) | 0.79 |
| Amikacin | 61/244 (25.0) | 21/162 (13.0) | 40/82 (48.8) | <0.0001 |
| 4-Aminosalicylic acid | 32/104 (30.8) | 9/57 (15.8) | 23/47 (48.9) | <0.0001 |
| Capreomycin | 55/207 (26.6) | 17/126 (13.5) | 38/81 (46.9) | <0.0001 |
| Kanamicin | 53/163 (32.5) | 16/88 (18.2) | 37/75 (49.3) | <0.0001 |
| Linezolid | 5/172 (2.9) | 1/97 (1.0) | 4/75 (5.3) | 0.10 |
| Rifabutin | 108/137 (78.8) | 83/111 (74.8) | 25/26 (96.2) | 0.02 |
| Other | 9/27 (33.3) | 3/16 (18.8) | 6/11 (54.6) | 0.10 |
| Antibiotic resistances | 6 (4–8) | 5 (4–6) | 8 (6–9) | <0.0001 |
| Length of hospital stay days | 100 (63–175) | 99 (78–181) | 101 (61–172) | 0.47 |
| Treatment after MDR-TB diagnosis months | 18 (14–20) | 18 (12–20) | 18 (18–22) | 0.09 |
| XDR | 57/264 (21.6) | 10/168 (6.0) | 47/96 (49.0) | <0.0001 |
| Moxifloxacin | 210/254 (82.7) | 133/159 (83.7) | 77/95 (81.1) | 0.60 |
| Levofloxacin | 35/261 (13.4) | 26/165 (15.8) | 9/96 (9.4) | 0.15 |
| Linezolid | 74/188 (39.4) | 24/98 (24.5) | 50/90 (55.6) | <0.0001 |
| Delamanid | 1/239 (0.4) | 0/144 (0.0) | 1/95 (1.1) | 0.40 |
| Bedaquiline | 11/239 (4.6) | 2/144 (1.4) | 9/95 (9.5) | 0.008 |
Data are presented as N or n/N (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. Denominators (N) were different among the selected variables because of missing data.