TABLE 2

Lung sound nomenclature in the six most widely spoken European languages

ReportEnglishFrenchGermanPortugueseRussianSpanish
Discontinuous
 Fine (high pitched, low amplitude, short duration)1987 nomenclature [23]Fine cracklesRâles crepitantsFeines RasselnEstertores finosEstertores finos
This studyFine cracklesCrépitants finsFeinblasige RasselgeräuscheFervores finos or Crepitações finasмелкопузырчатые влажные хрипы (melkopuzyrchatyye vlazhnyye khripy)Crepitantes finos or Estertores finos
 Coarse (low pitched, high amplitude, long duration)1987 nomenclature [23]Coarse cracklesRâles bulleux or sous-crepitantsGrobes RasselnEstertores grossosEstertores grossos
This studyCoarse cracklesGros crépitantsGrobblasige RasselgeräuscheFervores grosseiros or Crepitações grossasвлажные хрипы (vlazhnyye khripy)Crepitantes gruesos or Estertores gruesos
Continuous
 High pitched1987 nomenclature [23]WheezesRâles sibilantsPfeifenSibilosSibilancias
This studyWheezesSifflement or SibilantsGiemen, Pfeifen or JuchzenSibilosСвистящие хрипы (svistyashchiye khripy)Sibilancias
 Low pitched1987 nomenclature [23]RhonchusRâles ronflantsBrummenRoncosRoncus
This studyRhonchusRâles bronchique or ronchiBrummenRoncosХрипы (khripy)Roncus