TABLE 2

Extrapulmonary treatable traits of airway diseases

Treatable traits (can coexist)	Imp.	Rec.	Diagnostic criteria	Treatment			Main expected benefit
Treatable traits (can coexist)	Imp.	Rec.	Diagnostic criteria	First choice	Efficacy	Second choice	Main expected benefit
Deconditioning	+	+	Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing, 6-min walking distance	Exercise, rehabilitation	+		S, P
Obesity	+	+++	Body mass index	Diet, physical activity	+	Medication, bariatric surgery	S, P
Cachexia	+	+++	Body mass index	Diet, physical activity	+		S, E
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome	+	++	Questionnaires, polysomnography	Continuous positive airway pressure	+	Weight loss, mandibular advancement splint	S, P
Cardiovascular disease	++	+++	Electrocardiogram, Doppler echocardiography, brain natriuretic peptide	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, β-blockers	++	Surgery	S, E, P
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [59]	+	++	Gastrointestinal endoscopy, pH monitoring	Proton pump inhibitors, H₂ antagonist	+	Surgery	S
Upper airway diseases: rhino-sinusitis	+	++	History and examination, imaging	Topical steroids	++	Leukotriene receptor antagonists, antihistamines, surgery	S, E
Upper airway diseases: inducible laryngeal obstruction (vocal cord dysfunction)	++	+	Fibre optic laryngoscopy, flow-volume curve, dynamic neck computed tomography	Speech pathology therapy [58]	++	Laryngeal botulinum toxin, psychology/psychiatry	S
Psychiatric disorders: depression	++	++	Questionnaires, psychologist/liaison psychiatrist assessment	Cognitive behavioural therapy, pharmacotherapy	++		S
Psychiatric disorders: anxiety/other behavioural aspects including breathing pattern disorders	++	++	Questionnaires, psychologist/liaison psychiatrist assessment	Anxiety management, breathing retraining	+	Anxiolytic/antidepressant medication, cognitive behavioural therapy, psychotherapy	S
Persistent systemic inflammation [60, 61]	++	++	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein		?	Statins	S, E, P

Imp.: Importance; Rec.: recognisability. Diagnostic criteria and treatments options in italics should be considered as experimental (under current investigation) or having an unfavourable risk–benefit ratio. Expected treatment benefits on: E: exacerbations (rate/severity); S: symptoms; P: prognosis.