Lung function and anthropometry by allocation group in children with acceptable spirometry
| Controls | Intervention | Unadjusted difference (95% CI) | Multivariable regression# (95% CI) | |
| Entire cohort | 393 | 400 | ||
| Age years | 8.5±0.4 | 8.4±0.4 | ||
| Weight z-score¶ | −2.1±1.0 | −2.0±1.0 | 0.05 (−0.09–0.19) | 0.11 (−0.02–0.24) |
| Height z-score¶ | −1.5±0.9 | −1.5±0.9 | 0.03 (−0.10–0.16) | 0.08 (−0.04–0.19) |
| BMI z-score¶ | −1.7±0.9 | −1.6±1.0 | 0.04 (−0.09–0.17) | 0.08 (−0.05–0.21) |
| FEV1 L | 1.21±0.2 | 1.20±0.2 | −0.01 (−0.04–0.02) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) |
| FVC L | 1.38±0.2 | 1.37±0.2 | −0.01 (−0.04–0.02) | −0.01 (−0.00–0.00) |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.88±0.0 | 0.88±0.1 | −0.00 (−0.01–0.00) | −0.00 (−0.01–0.00) |
| FEF25−75% L | 1.64±0.4 | 1.61±0.4 | −0.03 (−0.09–0.03) | −0.03 (−0.09–0.03) |
| FEV1 z-score+ | −1.11±0.8 | −1.18±0.8 | −0.08 (−0.19–0.04) | −0.06 (−0.18–0.05) |
| FVC z-score+ | −1.02±0.8 | −1.07±0.8 | −0.05 (−0.17–0.06) | −0.04 (−0.15–0.08) |
| FEV1/FVC z-score+ | −0.20±0.8 | −0.24±0.8 | −0.04 (−0.15–0.07) | −0.04 (−0.15–0.07) |
| FEF25−75% z-score+ | −0.48±1.0 | −0.53±1.0 | −0.06 (−0.20–0.09) | −0.05 (−0.20–0.10) |
| Children without evidence of prior significant disease | 350 | 357 | ||
| Age years | 8.5±0.5 | 8.5±0.5 | ||
| Weight z-score¶ | −2.1±0.9 | −2.0±1.1 | 0.04 (−0.11–0.19) | 0.10 (−0.03–0.23) |
| Height z-score¶ | −1.5±0.9 | −1.5±0.9 | 0.03 (−0.10–0.16) | 0.08 (−0.04–0.20) |
| BMI z-score¶ | −1.7±0.9 | −1.6±1.0 | 0.03 (−0.11–0.17) | 0.06 (−0.07–0.20) |
| FEV1 L | 1.22±0.2 | 1.21±0.2 | −0.01 (−0.04–0.02) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) |
| FVC L | 1.38±0.2 | 1.37±0.2 | −0.00 (−0.04–0.03) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.89±0.0 | 0.88±0.0 | −0.01 (−0.01–0.00) | −0.00 (−0.01–0.00) |
| FEF25−75% L | 1.67±0.4 | 1.63±0.4 | −0.04 (−0.11–0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10–0.02) |
| FEV1 z-score+ | −1.07±0.8 | −1.16±0.8 | −0.09 (−0.21–0.03) | −0.07 (−0.19–0.05) |
| FVC z-score+ | −1.01±0.8 | −1.05±0.8 | −0.05 (−0.17–0.07) | −0.03 (−0.15–0.09) |
| FEV1/FVC z-score+ | −0.15±0.7 | −0.22±0.7 | −0.08 (−0.19–0.03) | −0.08 (−0.19–0.03) |
| FEF25−75% z-score+ | −0.42±1.0 | −0.50±1.0 | −0.08 (−0.23–0.06) | −0.08 (−0.22–0.07) |
Data are presented as n or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. Data not expressed in z-scores was also adjusted for age, sex and height. Analysis was restricted to children with technically satisfactory results. Air pollution data was not available for 14 children. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEF25–75%: forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of FVC. #: controlled for air pollution, dietary diversity, food security, maternal education, height, household asset score, spirometer (with the exception of anthropometry indices) and residence using robust standard errors; ¶: z-scores calculated according to World Health Organization reference ranges [26]; +: z-scores calculated according to Quanjer et al. [16].