All subjects | Controlled asthma (n=59) | Partially controlled asthma (n=119) | Uncontrolled asthma (n=122) | |||||||
PD | No PD | p-value# | PD | No PD | p-value# | PD | No PD | p-value# | ||
Subjects | 300 | 14 (24) | 45 (76) | 38 (32) | 81 (68) | 51 (42) | 71 (58) | 0.046 | ||
Age | 48±12 | 46±13 | 46±13 | 0.93 | 46±12 | 49±12 | 0.21 | 48±14 | 49±10 | 0.58 |
Sex | ||||||||||
Women | 202 (67) | 11 (79) | 30 (67) | 0.52 | 30 (79) | 42 (52) | 0.005 | 41 (80) | 48 (68) | 0.15 |
Men | 98 (33) | 3 (21) | 15 (33) | 8 (21) | 39 (48) | 10 (20) | 23 (32) | |||
Household income¶,+ | ||||||||||
High | 186 (62) | 5 (36) | 29 (64) | 0.03 | 19 (50) | 59 (73) | 0.03 | 26 (51) | 51 (72) | 0.007 |
Low | 103 (34) | 9 (64) | 12 (27) | 17 (45) | 20 (25) | 23 (45) | 19 (27) | |||
Education level§ | ||||||||||
High | 241 (80) | 8 (57) | 36 (80) | 0.16 | 30 (79) | 73 (90) | 0.15 | 39 (76) | 55 (77) | 1.00 |
Low | 59 (20) | 6 (43) | 9 (20) | 8 (21) | 8 (10) | 12 (24) | 16 (23) | |||
Place of birth | ||||||||||
Canada | 216 (72) | 10 (71) | 32 (71) | 1.00 | 32 (84) | 57 (70) | 0.12 | 35 (69) | 50 (70) | 0.84 |
Outside of Canada | 84 (28) | 4 (29) | 13 (29) | 6 (16) | 24 (30) | 16 (31) | 21 (30) | |||
Residence Type† | ||||||||||
Urban | 276 (92) | 14 (100) | 41 (91) | 0.56 | 34 (89) | 76 (94) | 0.46 | 47 (92) | 64 (90) | 0.76 |
Rural | 24 (8) | 0 (0) | 4 (9) | 4 (11) | 5 (6) | 4 (8) | 7 (10) | |||
Asthma medication adherence | ||||||||||
PDC<50% | 182 (61) | 12 (86) | 37 (82) | 1.00 | 34 (89) | 56 (69) | 0.014 | 18 (35) | 25 (35) | 0.24 |
50%≤PDC<80% | 84 (28) | 1 (7) | 6 (13) | 2 (5) | 21 (26) | 7 (14) | 18 (25) | |||
PDC≥80% | 34 (11) | 1 (7) | 2 (4) | 2 (5) | 4 (5) | 26 (51) | 28 (39) | |||
Comorbidities | 2.2±2.6 | 2.4±3.4 | 1.8±2.0 | 0.45 | 2.2±2.6 | 1.8±2.1 | 0.38 | 3.3±3.7 | 1.9±2.3 | 0.015 |
Range | 0–14 | 0–11 | 0–7 | 0–9 | 0–8 | 0–14 | 0–9 | |||
Asthma control level | ||||||||||
Controlled | 59 (20) | |||||||||
Partially controlled | 119 (40) | |||||||||
Uncontrolled | 122 (41) | |||||||||
Psychological distress | ||||||||||
Yes | 103 (34) | |||||||||
No | 197 (66) |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. PDC: percentage of days covered by asthma medication. #: psychological distress (PD) versus no PD; ¶: high household income was defined as household income higher than CAD$60 000·year-1 (chosen as it is close to the median household income in Canada); +: a small number of patients (11/300; 3%) had missing data on the covariate “household income levels”, so, as per guidelines [36], we verified that these patients did not have specific characteristics and, thus, we performed a multiple imputation procedure and 20 imputed datasets were created; §: high education was defined as having obtained a 4-year college/university degree or higher; †: rural areas were defined as postal codes with <400 people·km-2.