Pollutant | Age# years | MAAS | BAMSE | PIAMA | GINI/LISA South | GINI/LISA North |
NO2 μg·m-3 | Birth | 22.9±2.0 (16.0–30.4) | 14.0±5.4 (6.0–33.0) | 23.2±6.7 (9.2–55.3) | 22.0±6.2 (11.5–61.1) | 23.9±3.6 (19.6–62.8) |
4/5 | 22.7±2.0 (16.0–29.1) | 12.0±5.0 (6.0–32.9) | 22.3±6.3 (9.2–55.3) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 22.7±2.0 (16.0–30.9) | 11.9±5.0 (6.0–38.5) | 22.0±6.1 (9.2–53.4) | 19.8±5.1 (11.5–56.9) | 23.7±3.5 (19.7–61.4) | |
NOx μg·m-3 | Birth | 39.0±4.8 (26.1–77.8) | 25.5±11.9 (11.8–86.3) | 34.3±11.6 (16.5–98.9) | 36.6±10.5 (19.7–121.4) | 35.0±9.8 (23.8–147.6) |
4/5 | 38.6±4.7 (26.1–77.8) | 21.3±11.0 (11.8–84.3) | 32.8±10.7 (16.4–100.1) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 38.7±5.0 (26.4–77.8) | 21.1±10.9 (11.8–84.9) | 32.2±10.3 (16.5–100.1) | 33.8±8.4 (19.7–110.0) | 34.7±9.4 (23.9–43.7) | |
PM2.5 abs.¶ ×10−5 m−1 | Birth | 1.2±0.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.7±0.2 (0.4–1.3) | 1.2±0.3 (0.9–3.0) | 1.7±0.2 (1.3–3.6) | 1.2±0.2 (0.9–3.1) |
4/5 | 1.1±0.16 (0.7–1.9) | 0.6±0.2 (0.4–1.3) | 1.2±0.23 (0.9–2.8) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 1.1±0.16 (0.7–1.9) | 0.6±0.2 (0.4–1.8) | 1.2±0.2 (0.9–2.3) | 1.65±0.18 (1.3–3.5) | 1.2±0.2 (1.0–3.4) | |
PM2.5 μg·m-3 | Birth | 9.4±0.2 (9.4–11.0) | 7.8±1.2 (4.2–11.4) | 16.4±0.7 (15.3–20.9) | 13.4±1.0 (10.6–18.3) | 17.4±0.7 (15.8–21.5) |
4/5 | 9.4±0.2 (9.4–10.8) | 7.4±1.3 (4.2–11.0) | 16.4±0.7 (15.3–20.7) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 9.4±0.1 (9.4–10.8) | 7.4±1.3 (4.2–17.3) | 16.3±0.7 (14.9–20.7) | 13.3±0.9 (10.7–18.8) | 17.4±0.7 (15.8–21.7) | |
PM10 μg·m-3 | Birth | 17.2±0.9 (12.6–22.7) | 15.7±3.9 (6.0–30.9) | 25.0±1.2 (23.7–32.7) | 20.4±2.4 (14.8–34.3) | 25.5±1.2 (23.9–33.5) |
4/5 | 17.1±0.9 (14.0–22.6) | 15.3±3.5 (6.0–30.9) | 24.8±1.0 (23.7–31.3) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 17.1±0.8 (12.6–22.5) | 15.4±3.6 (6.0–45.7) | 24.7±1.0 (23.7–30.2) | 20.0±2.3 (14.8–33.4) | 25.5±1.3 (23.9–33.3) | |
Coarse PM μg·m-3 | Birth | 7.0±0.9 (5.0–11.5) | 7.9±3.0 (0.7–20.2) | 8.4±0.9 (7.6–11.1) | 6.8±1.5 (4.1–16.0) | 8.5±0.8 (2.0–13.8) |
4/5 | 7.0±0.8 (5.0–11.5) | 7.6±2.7 (0.7–20.2) | 8.3±0.7 (7.6–14.0) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 7.0±0.8 (5.1–11.5) | 7.6±2.8 (0.7–27.3) | 8.2±0.7 (7.6–11.9) | 6.3±1.3 (4.1–15.4) | 8.4±0.7 (2.1–14.5) | |
Traffic int. on nearest road veh·day−1 | Birth | 500±0 (500–29 590) | 500±1450 (122–52 020) | 218±447 (0–54 610) | 500±0 (500–134 000) | 500±0 (500–38 944) |
4/5 | 500±0 (500–32 861) | 500±0 (500–50 920) | 199±367 (0–54 610) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 500±0 (500–49 466) | 500±127 (122–50 920) | 187±335 (0–46 120) | 500±0 (0–134 000) | 500±0 (500–21 258) | |
Traffic int. on major roads within 100-m radius veh·day−1·m−1 | Birth | 0±0 (0–63 463 780) | 0±1 594 316 (0–26 000 000) | 0±0 (0–23 498 579) | 0±0 (0–52 741 068) | 0±0 (0–11 178 024) |
4/5 | 0±0 (0–63 463 780) | 0±858 865 (0–7 141 670) | 0±0 (0–20 998 484) | NA | NA | |
8/10 | 0±0 (0–63 463 780) | 0±912 730 (0–6 948 560) | 0±0 (0–14 669 857) | 0±0 (0–542 974 787) | 0±0 (0–16 904 875) |
Data are presented as mean±sd (range). MAAS: Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study; BAMSE: Barn Allergi Miliö Stockholm Epidemiologi; PIAMA: Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy; GINI: German Infant Nutritional Intervention; LISA: Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Development of the Immune System and Allergic Disease; NOx: nitrogen oxides; PM2.5: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; abs.: absorbance; PM10: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm; PM: particulate matter; int.: intensity; veh: vehicles; NA: not available. #: at age 4/5 years, restricted to children for whom asthma outcome was available at age 4/5 years; at age 8/10 years, restricted to children for whom asthma outcome was available at age 8/10 years. ¶: PM10 abs. was measured but not further used in LUR modelling and epidemiological analyses because earlier work has shown that PM10 and PM2.5 absorbance are almost identical [34, 35].