| Characteristics | NTM | TB | p-value# |
| Subjects n | 6 | 19 | |
| Males | 0 | 10 (52.6) | 0.051 |
| Age years | 62 (55–71) | 40 (29–56) | 0.007 |
| Body mass index kg·m−2 | 20.3 (19.7–22.7) | 21.1 (19.2–25.6) | 0.733 |
| Ever-smoker | 0 | 4 (21.4) | 0.540 |
| History of TB | 0 | 3 (15.8) | 0.554 |
| BCG vaccination | 2/4 (50) | 13/18 (72.2) | 0.565 |
| Underlying diseases | |||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 5 (83.3) | 3 (15.8) | 0.006 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0 | 10 (52.6) | 0.051 |
| Inflammatory bowel diseases | 1 (16.7) | 5 (26.3) | 1 |
| Concomitant interstitial lung disease | 2 (33.3) | 1 (5.3) | 0.133 |
| Duration from initiation of anti-TNF-α therapy to development of TB/NTM months | 25.4 (4.9–32.6) | 12.1 (3.6–30.8) | 0.514 |
| TNF antagonists used | |||
| Infliximab | 3 (50) | 12 (63.2) | 0.653 |
| Etanercept | 3 (50) | 5 (26.3) | 0.344 |
| Adalimumab | 0 | 5 (26.3) | 0.289 |
| Anti-inflammatory drugs | 0.007 | ||
| Steroid with/without DMARDs | 6 (100) | 5 (26.3) | |
| DMARDs only | 0 | 6 (31.6) | |
| None | 0 | 8 (42.1) | |
| Positive HIV serology | 0/5 | 0/8 | 1 |
| Positive TST | 0/4 | 3/18 (16.7) | 1 |
| Positive IGRA | 0/4 | 7/16 (43.8) | 0.249 |
| LTBI treatment initiation | 0 | 5 (26.3) | 0.373 |
| Completion | 0 | 3 (60) | |
| Interruption | 0 | 2 (40) |
Data are presented as n (%), n/N (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. NTM: nontuberculous mycobacterial; TB: tuberculosis; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α; BCG: bacille Calmette–Guérin; DMARD: disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; TST: tuberculin skin test; IGRA: interferon-γ release assay; LTBI: latent TB infection. #: Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate.