Table 2– Appropriate measurements of body composition and surrogate markers in research and clinical practice

Variable	Research	Clinical practice
Fat-free mass/fat mass	Deuterium dilution	DEXA, single-frequency BIA Anthropometry (sum of four skin folds)
Intracellular mass	Deuterium dilution combined with bromide dilution	Multifrequency BIA
Muscle mass	CT MRI Biomarkers (i.e. D₃-creatine dilution)	DEXA Ultrasonography Biomarkers (i.e. creatine height index) Anthropometry (mid-arm muscle circumference)
Abdominal fat	CT	DEXA
Abdominal visceral fat	MRI Biomarkers (i.e. PAI-1)	Anthropometry (i.e. sagittal diameter and/or waist/hip circumference) Ultrasonography
Bone mass and density	DEXA	DEXA HRCT
Muscle strength and related physical performance	Isokinetic quadriceps strength (Repetitive) magnetic stimulation Timed up-and-go test Stair-climb power test Cycle ergometry	One-repetition maximum Handgrip strength Timed up-and-go test Stair-climb power test

DEXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIA: bioelectrical impedance; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PAI: plasminogen-activator inhibitor; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography.