| Control group | Intervention group | |
| Subjects# | 172 | 176 |
| Acinetobacter baumanii | 2 (1.16) | 1 (0.57) |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | 1 (0.58) | 1 (0.57) |
| Escherichia coli | 0 (0) | 2 (1.14) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0 (0) | 3 (1.70) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 16 (9.3) | 9 (5.11) |
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 1 (0.58) | 3 (1.70) |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 2 (1.16) | 0 (0) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 11 (6.40) | 1 (0.57) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 13 (7.56) | 3 (1.70) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 12 (6.98) | 5 (2.84) |
| Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (2009) | NA | 3 (1.70) |
| Others | 16 (9.30) | 9 (5.11) |
| Total culture-positive cases | 74 (43.02) | 40 (22.73) |
Data are presented as n or n (%). NA: not applicable. #: 67.2% culture-negative or missing.