| Children |
| Dysfunctional breathing/vocal cord dysfunction |
| Bronchiolitis |
| Recurrent (micro)aspiration, reflux, swallowing dysfunction |
| Prematurity and related lung disease |
| Cystic fibrosis |
| Congenital or acquired immune deficiency |
| Primary ciliary dyskinesia |
| Central airways obstruction/compression |
| Foreign body |
| Congenital malformations including vascular ring |
| Tracheobronchomalacia |
| Carcinoid or other tumour |
| Mediastinal mass/enlarged lymph node |
| Congenital heart disease |
| Interstitial lung disease |
| Connective tissue disease |
| Adults |
| Dysfunctional breathlessness/vocal cord dysfunction |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Hyperventilation with panic attacks |
| Bronchiolitis obliterans |
| Congestive heart failure |
| Adverse drug reaction (e.g. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) |
| Bronchiectasis/cystic fibrosis |
| Hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
| Hypereosinophilic syndromes |
| Pulmonary embolus |
| Herpetic tracheobronchitis |
| Endobronchial lesion/foreign body (e.g. amyloid, carcinoid, tracheal stricture) |
| Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis |
| Acquired tracheobronchomalacia |
| Churg–Strauss syndrome |