Table 1– Multicentre time-series studies of short-term effects of heat, cold and heatwaves on respiratory health in Europe

Exposure	EU Project	Author [ref.], year	Number of cities	Population	Temperature indicator °C	Health indicator	Change in health indicator per 1°C increase in temperature indicator or during heatwave days % (95% CI)^#	Lag days
Heat	PHEWE	Baccini [40], 2008	15	All ages	Tappmax threshold: 29.4 Mediterranean cities: 23.3 north continental cities	Respiratory deaths	6.7 (2.4–11.3) Mediterranean cities 6.1 (2.5–11.1) north continental cities	0–3
		Baccini [40], 2008	15	≥75 years		Respiratory deaths	8.1 (3.2–13.4) Mediterranean cities 6.6 (3.0–11.4) north continental cities
		Michelozzi [41], 2009	12	All ages	Tappmax 90th percentile (range): 19.7–36.4	Respiratory admissions	2.1 (0.6–3.6) Mediterranean cities 1.2 (0.1–2.2) north continental cities	0–3
		Michelozzi [41], 2009	12	≥75 years	Tappmax 90th percentile (range): 19.7–36.4	Respiratory admissions	4.5 (1.9–7.3) Mediterranean cities 3.1 (0.8–5.5) north continental cities
Heatwave	EuroHEAT	D'Ippoliti [42], 2010	7	65–74 years	Tappmax 90th percentile (range): 27.1–39.9^¶	Respiratory deaths	32.4 (14.3–53.3) males, 45.8 (22.3–73.7) females: Mediterranean cities 16.8 (6.3–28.1) males, 12.6 (-0.1– -27.0) females: north continental cities	No lag
				75–84 years			44.8 (30.9–60.0) males, 61.3 (44.3–80.4) females: Mediterranean cities 19.0 (11.0–27.6) males, 21.4 (12.9–30.6) females: north continental cities
				≥85 years			58.9 (42.9–76.5) males, 58.1 (44.3–73.3) females: Mediterranean cities 12.1 (3.5–21.4) males, 30.0 (22.8–37.6) females: north continental cities
Cold	PHEWE	Analitis [43], 2008	15	All ages	Tappmin median (range): -5.3–11.1	Respiratory deaths	2.8 (1.6–4.0) Mediterranean cities⁺ 3.7 (2.9–4.5) north continental cities⁺	0–15
				15–64 years			3.1 (2.1–4.1)⁺
				65–74 years			3.5 (2.8–4.3)⁺
				≥75 years			3.3 (2.6–4.1)⁺
		Marino [44], 2009	12	All ages	Tmin mean (range): -0.9–13.7	Respiratory admissions	-1.6 (-2.5− -0.6) Mediterranean cities -2.5 (-3.6− -1.3) north continental cities	0–15
				≥75 years	Tmin mean (range): -0.9–13.7	Respiratory admissions	-2.7 (-3.3− -2.1) Mediterranean cities -4.1 (-5.7− -2.5) north continental cities

Mediterranean cities (PHEWE: Athens, Rome, Barcelona, Valencia, Turin, Milan, and Ljubljana; EuroHEAT: Athens, Barcelona, Milan, Rome, and Valencia). North continental cities (PHEWE: Prague, Budapest, Zurich, Paris, Helsinki, Stockholm, London, and Dublin; EuroHEAT: Budapest, London, Munich and Paris). Tappmax: maximum apparent temperature; Tappmin: minimum apparent temperature; Tmin: minimum temperature. ^#: 90% confidence interval in D'Ippoliti et al. 2010 [42];^¶: study period except summer 2003; ⁺: % increase in health indicator per 1°C decrease in temperature indicator.