Table 4– Mean annual frequency and direct and indirect costs of care for a typical asthma case

	Outcome frequency mean per yr	Direct cost per outcome per yr US$	Indirect costs per outcome per yr US$		Total annual cost US$
	Outcome frequency mean per yr	Direct cost per outcome per yr US$	Riverside	Long Beach	Riverside	Long Beach
Outcome
Asthma-specific office visit	1.5	113	45	40	239	231
Emergency room visits	0.2	844	112	100	172	170
In-patient hospitalisations	0.04	12776	506	451	531	529
School days missed	5.9	NA	230	205	1362	1214
Medication
Inhaled corticosteroid	2.2	125	NA	NA	273	273
Cromolyn	1.1	95	NA	NA	102	102
Albuterol	6.8	55	NA	NA	374	374
Comorbidities
Non-urgent office visits	0.9	113	45	40	134	130
Mean cost of antibiotics	2.2	85	NA	NA	189	189
Urgent care visits	0.2	113	112	100	50	47
In-patient days	0.03	6646	230	205	206	206
Bronchitic episodes
Office visits	0.5	113	45	40	71	69
Emergency room visits	0.02	844	112	100	22	22
In-patient hospitalisations	0.004	16625	759	677	67	67
School absences	0.8	NA	230	205	178	159
Antibiotics	0.5	85	NA	NA	38	38
Annual total cost per asthma case US$					4008	3819