First author [ref.] | Country | Fuel type | Sample size | Sample type | Diagnosis criteria | Effect size OR (95% CI) |
Mohamed [95] | Kenya | Biomass and clean fuel | 77 cases and 77 controls | Children aged 9–11 yrs | Adapted from IUATLD | 2.5 (2.0–6.4) |
Azizi [96] | Malaysia | Wood and kerosene | 158 cases and 201 control | Children aged 1 month to 5 yrs | Hospital-based doctor diagnosed | 1.4 (0.60–3.60) wood and 0.9 (0.50–1.60) kerosene |
Melsom [97] | Nepal | Biomass and clean fuel | 121 cases and 126 control | Children aged 11–17 yrs | ISAAC criteria | 2.2 (1.0–4.5) |
Mishra [98] | India | Biomass and clean fuel | 38595 subjects | Adults aged ≥60 yrs | Based on interviewee replying yes to asthma questionnaire | 1.59 (1.30–1.94) |
Schei [99] | Guatemala | Wood | 1058 subjects | Children aged 4–6 yrs | ISAAC criteria | 1.8 (0.76–4.19) |
IUALTD: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease; ISAAC: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.