Subjects %¶ | DDE | HCB+ | ΣPCBs§ | |
Characteristics of the children | ||||
LRTI | ||||
Never | 64.6 | 117.9±2.1 | 44.2±2.3 | 113.4±1.7 |
Ever | 35.4 | 122.1±2.2 | 44.5±2.3 | 110.6±1.8 |
Wheezing | ||||
Never | 66.4 | 117.9±2.2 | 44.5±2.3 | 113.2±1.8 |
Ever | 33.6 | 122.2±2.2 | 43.9±2.3 | 110.7±1.7 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 51.8 | 121.0±2.2 | 44.3±2.3 | 112.8±1.8 |
Female | 48.3 | 117.6±2.1 | 44.3±2.3 | 112.0±1.7 |
Pre-term <37 weeks | ||||
Yes | 3.8 | 156.1±2.2* | 48.6±2.5 | 141.2±1.7** |
No | 96.2 | 118.1±2.2 | 44.1±2.3 | 111.4±1.7 |
Low birthweight <2500 g | ||||
Yes | 5.3 | 142.7±2.2* | 44.9±2.6 | 115.0±1.8 |
No | 94.7 | 118.2±2.6 | 44.3±2.3 | 112.2±1.7 |
Predominant breastfeeding | ||||
0 weeks | 18.6 | 122.9±2.1 | 51.3±2.3** | 111.3±1.7 |
1–16 weeks | 33.5 | 118.4±2.3 | 46.0±2.4 | 109.4±1.7 |
17–24 weeks | 35.7 | 117.4±2.1 | 40.3±2.2 | 112.5±4.7 |
>24 weeks | 12.2 | 122.8±2.0 | 42.1±2.2 | 122.3±1.8 |
Daycare attendance | ||||
Yes | 34.3 | 109.8±2.1** | 42.0±2.2§§ | 121.4±1.7** |
No | 65.7 | 124.6±2.2 | 45.5±2.4 | 107.9±1.8 |
Region | ||||
Gipuzkoaƒ | 37.3 | 92.8±2.1** | 34.6±2.1** | 130.2±1.6** |
Sabadell## | 33.9 | 112.6±2.0 | 41.9±2.0 | 82.5±1.6 |
Valencia¶¶ | 28.8 | 176.8±2.1 | 65.0±2.6 | 134.6±1.8 |
Characteristics of the mother | ||||
Age yrs | ||||
<29 | 26.5 | 98.7±2.1** | 33.2±2.2** | 79.8±1.8** |
29–31 | 31.7 | 115.2±2.0 | 42.6±2.2 | 109.1±1.6 |
32–33 | 17.4 | 123.6±2.2 | 50.8±2.3 | 128.8±1.6 |
>34 | 24.4 | 149.7±2.3 | 57.6±2.3 | 153.5±1.6 |
Pre-pregnancy weight kg | ||||
<57 | 36.1 | 110.4±2.2* | 37.2±2.4** | 120.0±1.7** |
57–65 | 33.3 | 123.3±2.1 | 42.5±2.3 | 115.1±1.7 |
>65 | 30.6 | 126.3±2.2 | 56.8±2.2 | 101.3±1.8 |
Social class | ||||
Nonmanual occupation | 76.2 | 117.7±2.1 | 44.3±2.3 | 113.8±1.7 |
Manual occupation | 23.0 | 126.5±2.2 | 44.3±2.4 | 107.5±1.8 |
Unknown or unclassifiable occupation | 0.8 | 87.6±4.1 | 46.7±3.2 | 124.0±2.3 |
Education | ||||
Primary school | 23.7 | 132.5±2.3* | 44.1±2.6 | 104.0±1.8** |
Secondary | 39.7 | 117.1±2.2 | 45.0±2.3 | 105.6±1.8 |
University | 36.6 | 113.9±2.1 | 43.6±2.2 | 126.4±1.6 |
Smoking during pregnancy | ||||
Yes | 16.8 | 125.4±2.1 | 44.5±2.6 | 113.8±1.7 |
No | 83.2 | 118.3±2.2 | 44.2±2.3 | 112.1±1.7 |
Smoking during the first year | ||||
Yes | 26.7 | 124.6±2.2 | 45.0±2.4 | 107.1±1.8§§ |
No | 73.3 | 117.4±2.1 | 44.0±2.3 | 114.4±1.7 |
Maternal allergy and/or asthma | ||||
Yes | 27.2 | 122.0±2.1 | 45.1±2.2 | 112.4±1.8 |
No | 72.8 | 118.4±2.2 | 44.0±2.3 | 112.4±1.7 |
Parity++ | ||||
Nulliparous | 55.1 | 122.4±1.0 | 47.2±1.0** | 116.6±1.0** |
Multiparous | 44.9 | 115.7±1.0 | 40.9±1.0 | 107.4±1.0 |
Diet of the mother g·day−1 | ||||
Meat | ||||
<94.14 | 33.4 | 110.9±2.1* | 39.9±2.3** | 119.5±1.7** |
94.14–128.8 | 33.3 | 118.6±2.2 | 46.5±2.2 | 114.3±1.8 |
>128.8 | 33.3 | 129.2±2.2 | 46.8±2.4 | 103.9±1.7 |
Fish | ||||
<51.6 | 33.4 | 116.3±2.2 | 44.7±2.4 | 104.5±1.8** |
51.6–75.5 | 33.3 | 118.9±2.1 | 45.2±2.2 | 115.9±1.7 |
>75.5 | 33.3 | 123.0±2.2 | 43.0±2.3 | 117.2±1.7 |
Vegetables and fruit | ||||
<411.0 | 33.4 | 113.9±2.2 | 42.2±2.4 | 104.2±1.7** |
411.0–582.6 | 33.3 | 118.0±2.0 | 46.1±2.2 | 117.6±1.7 |
>582.6 | 33.3 | 126.5±2.3 | 44.6±2.3 | 115.8±1.8 |
Data are presented as geometric mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection. #: as concentrations of all compounds were not normally distributed, these were log-transformed before calculating differences of exposure between groups of each characteristic; ¶: percentages are presented based on imputed data; +: one child was excluded from the analysis with HCB because it was an outlier (n=1341); §: two children had no information for PCBs within the Spanish population and one was excluded from the analysis with ΣPCBs because it was an outlier (n=1339); ƒ: n=500; ##: n=455; ¶¶: n=387; ++: adjusted for maternal age at delivery; §§: p<0.1. *: p <0.05; **: p<0.01.