Upper to lower lobe ratio of percentage emphysema | Difference per 10-unit increase in upper-lobe emphysema (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |||
Participants n | 727 | 727 | 727 | 727 | 727 | ||
IMT mm | |||||||
Internal carotid | |||||||
Median value | 0.860 | 0.863 | 0.826 | 0.829 | 0.786 | 0.056 | |
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference | 0 | -0.0533 | -0.0909 | -0.0750 | -0.1067 | ¶ | 0.048 |
Multivariate mean difference | 0 | -0.0199 | -0.0377 | -0.0076 | -0.0371 | ¶ | 0.002 |
Common carotid | |||||||
Median value | 0.838 | 0.856 | 0.843 | 0.823 | 0.820 | 0.07 | |
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference | 0 | -0.0168 | -0.0251 | -0.0337 | -0.0384 | ¶ | 0.20 |
Multivariate mean difference | 0 | -0.0003 | -0.0038 | -0.0060 | -0.0131 | ¶ | 0.84 |
ABI | |||||||
Median value | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.12 | <0.001 | |
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference | 0 | -0.0012 | -0.0075 | -0.0074 | -0.0103 | -0.027 (-0.043– -0.011) | 0.001 |
Multivariate mean difference | 0 | -0.0047 | -0.0083 | -0.0075 | -0.0056 | -0.023 (-0.039– -0.007) | 0.004 |
Presence of CAC | |||||||
Prevalence % | 44 | 48 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 0.46 | |
Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratio | 1 | 0.942 | 0.915 | 0.916 | 0.972 | 1.034 (0.905–1.18) | 0.63 |
Multivariate prevalence ratio | 1 | 0.937 | 0.925 | 0.951 | 1.01 | 1.062 (0.934–1.21) | 0.40 |
Mean Agatston score# | |||||||
Median value | 63.1 | 75.7 | 88.3 | 80.6 | 70.3 | 0.84 | |
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference | 0 | -12.2 | -4.6 | -2.79 | -13.8 | 0.858 (-1.47–3.19) | 0.37 |
Multivariate mean difference | 0 | -9.19 | 1.17 | 4.17 | -8.07 | 0.992 (-1.00–2.99) | 0.96 |
Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, pack-yrs, urine cotinine, educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, fasting plasma glucose, height, body mass index, alcohol use, hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low- and high-density lipoprotein, statin medication, alcohol use, C-reactive protein, scanner type, and milliamp seconds. IMT: intima-media thickness; ABI: ankle-brachial index; CAC: coronary artery calcium. #: among participants with detectable CAC; ¶: relationship was nonlinear therefore linear term not reported (see figure 1 for graph of association).