Table 3– Differences in measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid, peripheral and coronary vascular beds according to quintiles of percentage emphysema on computed tomography (CT)

	CT percentage emphysema					Difference per 10% increase in percentage emphysema (95% CI)	p-value
	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5		p-value
Participants n	728	729	728	729	728
IMT mm
Internal carotid
Median value	0.778	0.807	0.844	0.840	0.897		<0.001
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference	0	0.0132	0.0270	-0.0045	-0.0385	-0.009 (-0.025–0.007)	0.29
Multivariate mean difference	0	0.0182	0.0417	0.0252	0.0068	0.005 (-0.012–0.022)	0.59
Common carotid
Median value	0.815	0.829	0.835	0.848	0.843		0.002
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference	0	-0.0035	-0.0073	-0.0051	-0.0362	-0.010 (-0.014– -0.005)	<0.001
Multivariate mean difference	0	0.0025	0.0014	0.0089	-0.0128	-0.003 (-0.008–0.002)	0.30
ABI
Median value	1.11	1.12	1.13	1.13	1.13		0.03
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference	0	0.0061	0.0080	0.0070	-0.0048	-0.002 (-0.006–0.001)	0.13
Multivariate mean difference	0	0.0021	0.0026	-0.0005	-0.0133	-0.005 (-0.008– -0.002)	0.004
Presence of CAC
Prevalence %	39	43	46	48	56		<0.001
Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratio	1	1.01	0.984	0.938	0.976	0.987 (0.963–1.01)	0.33
Multivariate prevalence ratio	1	1.01	0.992	0.952	0.976	0.986 (0.960–1.01)	0.29
Mean Agatston score^#
Median value	48.9	60.0	82.6	83.4	108		<0.001
Age- and sex-adjusted mean difference	0	2.07	6.27	8.80	5.49	1.035 (-0.999–3.068)	0.36
Multivariate mean difference	0	0.57	5.35	6.26	7.21	1.045 (-0.995–3.085)	0.27

Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, pack-yrs, urine cotinine, educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, fasting plasma glucose, height, body mass index, hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low- and high-density lipoprotein, statin medication, alcohol use, C-reactive protein, scanner type, and milliamp seconds. IMT: intima-media thickness; ABI: ankle-brachial index; CAC: coronary artery calcium. ^#: among participants with detectable CAC.