PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Christian Herzmann AU - Martin Ernst AU - Stefan Ehlers AU - Steffen Stenger AU - Jeroen Maertzdorf AU - Giovanni Sotgiu AU - Christoph Lange TI - Increased frequencies of pulmonary regulatory T-cells in latent <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> infection AID - 10.1183/09031936.00214611 DP - 2012 Dec 01 TA - European Respiratory Journal PG - 1450--1457 VI - 40 IP - 6 4099 - http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/40/6/1450.short 4100 - http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/40/6/1450.full SO - Eur Respir J2012 Dec 01; 40 AB - Regulation of specific immune responses following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the immune control of latent infection with M. tuberculosis are incompletely understood. Latent infection was assayed by an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) in healthcare workers regularly exposed to tuberculosis (TB) patients and in household TB contacts in Germany. Immunophenotypes of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analysed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. All TB contacts with latent infection (n=15) had increased (p&lt;0.0001) frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ CD127- Treg cells (median 2.12%, interquartile range (IQR) 1.63–3.01%) among BAL mononuclear cells compared with contacts (n=25) with negative IGRA results (median 0.68%, IQR 0.32–0.96%) No differences were seen when PBMC immunophenotypes of IGRA+ and IGRA- TB contacts were compared (IGRA+ median 9.6%, IQR 5.9–10.1%; IGRA- median 7.7%, IQR 4.6–11.3%; p=0.47). Five out of 25 contacts with negative blood IGRAs showed a positive IGRA from BAL cells, possibly indicating a limited local immune response. In Germany, latent infection with M. tuberculosis, as defined by a positive M. tuberculosis-specific IGRA response on cells from the peripheral blood, is characterised by an increased frequency of Treg cells in the BAL.