RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations JF European Respiratory Journal JO Eur Respir J FD European Respiratory Society SP 1324 OP 1343 DO 10.1183/09031936.00080312 VO 40 IS 6 A1 Philip H. Quanjer A1 Sanja Stanojevic A1 Tim J. Cole A1 Xaver Baur A1 Graham L. Hall A1 Bruce H. Culver A1 Paul L. Enright A1 John L. Hankinson A1 Mary S.M. Ip A1 Jinping Zheng A1 Janet Stocks A1 the ERS Global Lung Function Initiative YR 2012 UL http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/40/6/1324.abstract AB The aim of the Task Force was to derive continuous prediction equations and their lower limits of normal for spirometric indices, which are applicable globally. Over 160,000 data points from 72 centres in 33 countries were shared with the European Respiratory Society Global Lung Function Initiative. Eliminating data that could not be used (mostly missing ethnic group, some outliers) left 97,759 records of healthy nonsmokers (55.3% females) aged 2.5–95 yrs. Lung function data were collated and prediction equations derived using the LMS method, which allows simultaneous modelling of the mean (mu), the coefficient of variation (sigma) and skewness (lambda) of a distribution family. After discarding 23,572 records, mostly because they could not be combined with other ethnic or geographic groups, reference equations were derived for healthy individuals aged 3–95 yrs for Caucasians (n=57,395), African–Americans (n=3,545), and North (n=4,992) and South East Asians (n=8,255). Forced expiratory value in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) between ethnic groups differed proportionally from that in Caucasians, such that FEV1/FVC remained virtually independent of ethnic group. For individuals not represented by these four groups, or of mixed ethnic origins, a composite equation taken as the average of the above equations is provided to facilitate interpretation until a more appropriate solution is developed. Spirometric prediction equations for the 3–95-age range are now available that include appropriate age-dependent lower limits of normal. They can be applied globally to different ethnic groups. Additional data from the Indian subcontinent and Arabic, Polynesian and Latin American countries, as well as Africa will further improve these equations in the future.