Patients | 336 (70%) | 62 (13%) | 85 (18%) | | | | 522 (63%) | 72 (9%) | 236 (28%) | | | |
Demographics | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Age years | 63.2±7.2 | 61.8 ±7.7 | 62.3 ±6.9 | 0.228 | 0.215 | 0.866 | 63.7±7.0 | 63.5±7.1 | 63.5±6.6 | 0.963 | 0.577 | 0.72 |
Female | 95 (28%) | 27 (44%) | 27 (32%) | 0.017 | 0.527 | 0.145 | 147 (28%) | 41 (57%) | 92 (39%) | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
BMI kg·m−2 | 25.1±5.0 | 25.9±4.7 | 25.2±5.0 | 0.299 | 0.961 | 0.444 | 26.3±6.0 | 29.0±7.3 | 26.3±5.7 | 0.003 | 0.826 | 0.007 |
FFMI kg·m−2 | 16.7±2.5 | 17.1±2.6 | 16.6±2.4 | 0.365 | 0.895 | 0.416 | 17.0±2.8 | 17.9±3.3 | 17.0±2.9 | 0.027 | 0.74 | 0.028 |
Smoking pack-years | 45.3±22.7 | 46.1±24.1 | 44.2±24.6 | 0.948 | 0.439 | 0.552 | 51.5±26.7 | 50.3±33.8 | 50.6±27.9 | 0.201 | 0.696 | 0.356 |
Period smoking years | 39.7±10.4 | 39.9±10.0 | 39.4±7.7 | 0.769 | 0.413 | 0.347 | 40.2±9.6 | 40.8±8.3 | 40.8±10.0 | 0.878 | 0.305 | 0.65 |
Current smoker | 143 (43%) | 32 (52%) | 32 (38%) | 0.188 | 0.412 | 0.093 | 167 (32%) | 26 (36%) | 74 (31%) | 0.485 | 0.862 | 0.451 |
Symptoms | | | | | | | | | | | | |
mMRC dyspnoea score | 0.8±0.4 | 0.8±0.4 | 0.8±0.4 | 0.911 | 0.46 | 0.519 | 2.5±0.7 | 2.5±0.7 | 2.7±0.8 | 0.932 | 0.026 | 0.245 |
SGRQ-C total score | 43.2±17.0 | 41.8±14.9 | 51.9±15.2 | 0.597 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 60.2±15.8 | 65.3±15.3 | 65.5±14.4 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.933 |
Moderate-to-severe ECOPD# | 0.3±0.5 | 2.5±1.0 | 2.8±1.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.133 | 0.4±0.5 | 2.8±1.1 | 2.9±1.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.423 |
CESD total score | 9.2±8.2 | 10.1±7.4 | 10.0±8.9 | 0.166 | 0.558 | 0.552 | 12.5±9.2 | 15.3±10.5 | 15.3±10.0 | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.863 |
Chronic bronchitis | 126 (38%) | 28 (45%) | 28 (33%) | 0.256 | 0.436 | 0.133 | 195 (37%) | 28 (39%) | 95 (40%) | 0.801 | 0.447 | 0.836 |
Physiology¶ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
FEV1+ % pred | 39.7±7.6 | 63.7±8.7 | 36.3±8.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 35.1±8.7 | 60.2±9.3 | 35.1±8.5 | <0.001 | 0.969 | <0.001 |
FEV1 % reversibility | 10.1±13.5 | 8.7±9.7 | 12.1±15.7 | 0.517 | 0.491 | 0.259 | 10.3±14.7 | 9.6±10.9 | 10.4±15.2 | 0.835 | 0.97 | 0.852 |
FVC+ % pred | 81.4±17.4 | 99.5±16.5 | 81.3±18.9 | <0.001 | 0.938 | <0.001 | 74.8±17.0 | 96.0±15.5 | 78.1±19.1 | <0.001 | 0.025 | <0.001 |
RV % pred | 175.1±48.8 | 147.0±36.1 | 184.1±50.5 | 0.038 | 0.271 | 0.023 | 180.9±47.4 | 122.6±29.3 | 189.7±56.3 | <0.001 | 0.589 | <0.001 |
TLC % pred | 121.4±16.5 | 118.2±14.7 | 122.8±18.9 | 0.612 | 0.532 | 0.351 | 121.1±18.4 | 110.2±15.3 | 123.8±19.4 | 0.025 | 0.726 | 0.014 |
FRC % pred | 157.0±29.3 | 137.8±27.3 | 162.2±34.1 | 0.017 | 0.381 | 0.011 | 160.9±35.1 | 124.2±26.0 | 161.7±36.7 | <0.001 | 0.935 | <0.001 |
SaO2 % | 94.4±3.0 | 95.6±2.2 | 93.7±4.4 | <0.001 | 0.188 | <0.001 | 93.6±3.2 | 95.1±2.0 | 93.7±3.3 | <0.001 | 0.5 | <0.001 |
6MWD m | 405±108 | 446±97 | 394±97 | 0.016 | 0.515 | 0.011 | 313±117 | 320±92 | 289±111 | 0.633 | 0.007 | 0.033 |
BODE index | 2.8±1.0 | 0.8±0.8 | 3.0±1.0 | <0.001 | 0.192 | <0.001 | 5.1±1.5 | 3.3±1.2 | 5.5±1.6 | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 |
Imaging | | | | | | | | | | | | |
% LAA −950 HU | 19.9±11.1 | 10.7±8.2 | 21.3±13.0 | <0.001 | 0.429 | <0.001 | 22.9±13.2 | 15.2±9.8 | 24.0±11.9 | <0.001 | 0.178 | <0.001 |
Systemic inflammation | | | | | | | | | | | | |
WBC 109·L-1 | 7.6 (2.5) | 7.6 (2.3) | 7.4 (2.6) | 0.584 | 0.312 | 0.749 | 7.8 (2.6) | 7.7 (2.7) | 8.0 (2.6) | 0.779 | 0.106 | 0.264 |
Neutrophils 109·L-1 | 4.9 (2.3) | 4.4 (1.8) | 4.9 (2.1) | 0.105 | 0.467 | 0.376 | 5.2 (2.2) | 4.8 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.4) | 0.263 | 0.198 | 0.075 |
Neutrophils % | 65.5 (11.2) | 62.1 (11.4) | 66.3 (11.2) | <0.001 | 0.922 | 0.006 | 66.9 (11.3) | 65.1 (12.7) | 67.0 (10.5) | 0.05 | 0.865 | 0.047 |
Eosinophils 109·L-1 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.481 | 0.253 | 0.164 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.994 | 0.056 | 0.217 |
Eosinophils % | 2.6 (2.3) | 3.1 (2.7) | 2.3 (2.9) | 0.342 | 0.446 | 0.256 | 2.3 (1.9) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.4 (2.6) | 0.943 | 0.187 | 0.486 |
hsCRP mg·L−1 | 2.5 (4.2) | 2.7 (5.7) | 4.0 (5.9) | 0.478 | 0.024 | 0.031 | 3.7 (7.5) | 3.9 (6.3) | 4.5 (7.8) | 0.615 | 0.028 | 0.381 |
IL-6 pg·mL−1 | 1.4 (2.1) | 1.2 (1.7) | 1.4 (2.1) | 0.096 | 0.993 | 0.184 | 1.8 (2.7) | 2.1 (2.4) | 1.8 (2.9) | 0.545 | 0.67 | 0.507 |
IL-8 pg·mL−1 | 6.4 (9.5) | 6.6 (9.3) | 6.7 (8.6) | 0.641 | 0.812 | 0.888 | 7.0 (10.6) | 8.8 (10.4) | 7.5 (9.1) | 0.315 | 0.381 | 0.54 |
Fibrinogen mg·dL−1 | 442.0 (125.0) | 436.5 (152.5) | 466.0 (132.0) | 0.528 | 0.04 | 0.071 | 470.0 (147.5) | 457.3 (106.0) | 483.0 (134.0) | 0.522 | 0.029 | 0.032 |
TNF-α ng·mL−1 | 2.4 (0.0) | 2.4 (51.4) | 2.4 (4.8) | 0.001 | 0.486 | 0.036 | 2.4 (2.7) | 2.4 (7.4) | 2.4 (0.0) | 0.681 | 0.335 | 0.313 |
CC-16 ng·mL−1 | 5.1 (3.0) | 4.6 (3.5) | 5.4 (4.2) | 0.116 | 0.788 | 0.154 | 4.8 (3.4) | 4.7 (3.4) | 4.9 (3.4) | 0.168 | 0.906 | 0.191 |
CCL-18 ng·mL−1 | 100.0 (48.8) | 103.1 (48.2) | 98.9 (49.6) | 0.24 | 0.318 | 0.702 | 107.1 (59.0) | 109.9 (56.9) | 114.0 (54.7) | 0.408 | 0.112 | 0.838 |
SPD ng·mL−1 | 118.4 (91.2) | 120.4 (58.9) | 133.1 (95.0) | 0.663 | 0.108 | 0.113 | 121.3 (85.0) | 122.8 (99.2) | 115.8 (87.0) | 0.763 | 0.167 | 0.665 |
Concomitant medications | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medications containing ICS | 241 (72%) | 44 (71%) | 79 (93%) | 0.903 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 421 (81%) | 63 (88%) | 218 (92%) | 0.161 | <0.001 | 0.201 |
Tiotropium | 146 (43%) | 23 (37%) | 50 (59%) | 0.353 | 0.011 | 0.01 | 271 (52%) | 43 (60%) | 135 (57%) | 0.214 | 0.177 | 0.705 |
Statins | 69 (21%) | 12 (19%) | 15 (18%) | 0.832 | 0.552 | 0.792 | 126 (24%) | 17 (24%) | 44 (19%) | 0.922 | 0.093 | 0.355 |
Comorbidities§ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Heart trouble | 64 (19%) | 10 (16%) | 15 (18%) | 0.561 | 0.839 | 0.735 | 151 (30%) | 20 (28%) | 63 (28%) | 0.796 | 0.551 | 0.914 |
Hypertension | 113 (35%) | 17 (30%) | 23 (29%) | 0.477 | 0.316 | 0.892 | 203 (41%) | 28 (42%) | 93 (41%) | 0.797 | 0.922 | 0.854 |
Angina | 25 (8%) | 5 (8%) | 8 (10%) | 0.936 | 0.536 | 0.71 | 47 (10%) | 11 (16%) | 32 (14%) | 0.099 | 0.09 | 0.637 |
Heart attack | 16 (5%) | 0 | 6 (7%) | 0.076 | 0.381 | 0.03 | 46 (9%) | 10 (15%) | 24 (10%) | 0.138 | 0.548 | 0.331 |
Stroke | 9 (3%) | 4 (7%) | 3 (4%) | 0.124 | 0.678 | 0.409 | 17 (3%) | 5 (7%) | 7 (3%) | 0.107 | 0.843 | 0.117 |
Heart failure | 13 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 5 (6%) | 0.364 | 0.396 | 0.184 | 48 (10%) | 5 (8%) | 15 (7%) | 0.609 | 0.217 | 0.812 |
Arrhythmia | 33 (10%) | 5 (8%) | 10 (12%) | 0.671 | 0.617 | 0.481 | 61 (12%) | 12 (19%) | 30 (14%) | 0.163 | 0.701 | 0.298 |
Osteoporosis | 38 (12%) | 9 (16%) | 13 (16%) | 0.4 | 0.305 | 0.967 | 57 (12%) | 12 (17%) | 49 (23%) | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.351 |
Osteoarthritis | 29 (9%) | 12 (22%) | 13 (17%) | 0.005 | 0.049 | 0.456 | 53 (11%) | 25 (36%) | 34 (16%) | <0.001 | 0.056 | <0.001 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 11 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 4 (5%) | 0.902 | 0.498 | 0.729 | 12 (2%) | 3 (5%) | 7 (3%) | 0.304 | 0.588 | 0.563 |
Inflammatory bowel disorder | 10 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 5 (6%) | 0.878 | 0.185 | 0.47 | 24 (5%) | 8 (12%) | 10 (4%) | 0.019 | 0.868 | 0.031 |
Diabetes | 22 (7%) | 0 | 5 (6%) | 0.042 | 0.847 | 0.056 | 60 (12%) | 11 (15%) | 21 (9%) | 0.356 | 0.287 | 0.123 |
Peptic ulcer | 36 (11%) | 9 (16%) | 5 (6%) | 0.285 | 0.191 | 0.061 | 47 (9%) | 8 (11%) | 28 (12%) | 0.587 | 0.21 | 0.821 |
Reflux/heartburn | 65 (20%) | 19 (32%) | 17 (20%) | 0.032 | 0.912 | 0.106 | 114 (23%) | 34 (49%) | 67 (30%) | <0.001 | 0.036 | 0.003 |
Depression requiring treatment | 46 (14%) | 9 (15%) | 13 (15%) | 0.814 | 0.734 | 0.961 | 84 (16%) | 19 (27%) | 51 (22%) | 0.033 | 0.051 | 0.457 |
Anxiety/panic attacks | 37 (11%) | 8 (14%) | 11 (13%) | 0.566 | 0.598 | 0.927 | 97 (19%) | 23 (32%) | 58 (26%) | 0.01 | 0.049 | 0.267 |
3-year follow-up | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Mortality rate | 29 (9%) | 0 | 12 (14%) | 0.016 | 0.128 | 0.002 | 72 (14%) | 8 (11%) | 34 (14%) | 0.532 | 0.822 | 0.476 |
Moderate-to-severe ECOPD rate per person-year | 1.1 (1.2%) | 1.6 (1.2%) | 2.1 (1.8%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.451 | 1.2 (1.4%) | 2.1 (1.7%) | 2.6 (1.8%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.018 |
Rate of FEV1 decline mL·year−1 | −28.0±47.6 | −38.1±44.3 | −33.5±36.8 | 0.15 | 0.426 | 0.559 | −32.8±34.5 | −31.0±42.6 | −30.1±32.2 | 0.363 | 0.861 | 0.426 |
CV events | 20 (6%) | 4 (6%) | 6 (7%) | 0.88 | 0.705 | 0.886 | 29 (6%) | 2 (3%) | 19 (8%) | 0.321 | 0.192 | 0.121 |
Lung cancer | 3 (<1%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 0.602 | 0.383 | 0.242 | 3 (<1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (<1%) | 0.429 | 0.791 | 0.373 |