COPD |
Indoor air pollution |
Occupational exposure |
Passive cigarette smoke exposure |
Outdoor air pollution |
CAO |
Common |
Bronchial asthma with fixed airflow obstruction |
Bronchiectasis |
Pulmonary tuberculosis |
Uncommon |
Connective tissue disease (particularly rheumatoid arthritis) |
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease |
Cryptogenic organising pneumonia |
Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis |
Sarcoidosis |
Rare |
Diffuse panbronchiolitis |
Diffuse idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia |
Inhalation injury (e.g. diacetyl exposure) |
Lung or heart–lung transplant recipients with chronic allograft rejection |
Haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with graft versus host disease |
Consumption of uncooked leaves of Sauropus androgynus |