First author [ref.] | Sample size and clinical phenotypes | Controls | Body fluids investigated | Summary of results on DES/IDES levels |
Stone 25 | 21 COPD | 22 healthy never-smokers13 healthy smokers | Urine | Significantly higher in COPD and smokers than in never-smokers |
Stone 47 | 18 CF | 10 healthy | Urine | Significantly higher in CF |
Luisetti 32 | 30 COPD treated by HNE-synthetic inhibitor | 30 COPD placebo-treated | Urine | No difference between actively treated and placebo-treated |
Gottlieb 26 | 10 smokers with rapid lung function decline | 8 smokers without rapid lung function decline | Urine | Significantly greater excretion in smokers with rapid decline |
Viglio 18 | 11 stable COPD10 exacerbated COPD9 AATD emphysema13 bronchiectasis11 cystic fibrosis | 12 healthy nonsmokers12 healthy smokers | Urine | Significantly higher in the five groups with lung disease than in the two control groups |
Gottlieb 36 | 12 AATD emphysema | | Urine | No changes in excretion over 8-week supplementation with plasma α1-AT |
Stoller 37 | 26 AATD emphysema | | Urine | No changes in excretion over 24-week supplementation with plasma α1-AT |
Cocci 48 | 20 COPD | 19 healthy (13 smokers, 6 never-smokers) | Urine | Excretion higher in COPD than in controls, but negatively correlated with CT-assessed extent of emphsyema |
Annovazzi 44 | 14 Pseudoxantoma elasticum | 17 healthy carriers15 healthy | Urine, plasma | Higher levels in urine and plasma in the study group than in carriers and healthy controls |
Stolk 45 | 12 AATD emphysema | | Urine, plasma | Stable levels over a period of 7 weeks |
Boschetto 46 | 26 COPD | 8 nonsmokers | Urine, plasma, induced sputum | Higher levels in COPD than in controlsTrend for higher levels in COPD with CT-assessed emphsyema than in COPD without CT-assessed emphysema |
Ma 38 | 7 COPD12 AATD COPD | 13 never-smokers | Urine, plasma, sputum | Plasma and sputum levels higher in AATD COPD than in common COPDIn COPD and AATD COPD, higher levels of unbound DES/IDES in urine than in controls |