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Published online before print January 24, 2007, 10.1183/09031936.00060006
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Eur Respir J 2007; 29:871-878
Copyright ©ERS Journals Ltd 2007

Indacaterol, a novel inhaled ß2-agonist, provides sustained 24-h bronchodilation in asthma

K. M. Beeh1, E. Derom2, F. Kanniess3, R. Cameron4, M. Higgins4 and A. van As5

1 insaf Respiratory Research Institute, Wiesbaden, and 3 Pulmonary Research Institute, Hospital Grosshansdorf, Hamburg, Germany. 2 Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. 4 Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Horsham, UK. 5 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

CORRESPONDENCE: K. M. Beeh, insaf Respiratory Research Institute, Biebricher Allee 34, D-65187 Wiesbaden, Germany. Fax: 49 6119854348. E-mail: k.beeh{at}insaf-wi.de

Keywords: Asthma, bronchodilators, forced expiratory volume in one second, indacaterol, long-acting ß2-agonist, once-daily

Received: May 5, 2006
Accepted January 7, 2007


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
The present study examined the bronchodilator and safety profiles of single-dose indacaterol in intermittent or persistent asthma.

In the present double-blind crossover study, 42 patients were randomised to receive single doses of indacaterol (50, 100, 200 and 400 µg) or placebo via a hydrofluoroalkane pressurised metered-dose inhaler. The primary efficacy comparisons were the per cent changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ) between indacaterol and placebo 30 min and 21 h post-dose.

All doses resulted in prolonged bronchodilation, with indacaterol 200 and 400 µg meeting pre-specified efficacy criteria. The mean percentage increases in FEV1 from placebo with indacaterol 200 and 400 µg were 7.6 and 14.9%, respectively, at 30 min, and 7.5 and 10.4%, respectively, at 21 h post-dose. At these doses, changes in mean FEV1 relative to placebo were statistically significant from 5 min to 25 h, inclusive. At 5 min, the geometric least squares mean values for FEV1 were 3.08 and 3.22 L for the 200 and 400 µg doses, respectively, compared with 2.99 L for placebo. At 24 h after dosing, the baseline-adjusted geometric least square mean FEV1 was 3.13, 3.11, 3.24 and 3.30 L for indacaterol 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg, respectively, and 2.98 L for placebo. All treatments were well tolerated.

Once-daily indacaterol at doses of 200 and 400 µg provided sustained 24-h bronchodilation, with a rapid onset and a good tolerability and safety profile.

Inhaled ß2-adrenoceptor agonists are the most effective bronchodilators for the management of asthma 1. The Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines recognise the role of long-acting ß2-agonists (LABAs) for the optimal treatment of moderate-to-severe persistent asthma 1. Currently available inhaled LABAs have durations of action of ~12 h at recommended doses, necessitating twice-daily dosing to provide optimal clinical efficacy 2–5. The availability of a once-daily ß2-agonist could be expected to improve the treatment of asthma by providing patients with greater convenience and sustained bronchodilation.

Indacaterol is a ß2-agonist bronchodilator in development for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pharmacologically, indacaterol is a nearly full ß2-agonist with a high intrinsic efficacy and, unlike partial agonists, it does not exhibit antagonistic behaviour in the presence of isoprenaline 6. Multiple-dose, dose-ranging studies 7, 8 in patients with asthma have shown that indacaterol provides effective bronchodilation with fast onset of action (within 5 min), which is sustained for ≥24 h on once-daily dosing. Pharmacokinetic data taken during a multiple-dose study of indacaterol 400 or 800 µg once daily for 14 days 9 demonstrated rapid absorption and a mean elimination half-life of >30 h. Likewise, in a single-dose study 10, doses 600–2,000 µg were rapidly absorbed, with maximum serum concentrations reached within 15 min. All doses were well tolerated with a good safety profile and were not associated with consistent or clinically relevant effects on systemic ß-agonist mediated events 7–10.

The aim of the current study was to examine the bronchodilator profile of a range of indacaterol doses in patients with intermittent or persistent asthma.


   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Design
The present study was a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-ranging study. Patients were randomised to one of five crossover treatment sequences (Latin square design) to inhale a single dose of indacaterol 50, 100, 200 or 400 µg or placebo from a hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI), with a 5–14 day washout between treatment periods. At all treatment visits, patients were under continuous medical supervision from the first pre-dose evaluation until 26 h after administration of the study medication. Study medication was administered between 17:00 and 19:00 h and patients were allowed to sleep for 7 h, approximately between 00:00–07:00 h.

The study received institutional review board approval and all patients gave informed written consent prior to the start of the study. The study was conducted according to Good Clinical Practice guidelines and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964 and subsequent revisions).

Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were: 1) males and females aged 18–65 yrs; 2) a diagnosis of intermittent or persistent asthma 11; 3) use of daily treatment with an inhaled ß2-agonist, with or without an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS; ≤1,600 µg of beclometasone dipropionate or equivalent); 4) a stable regimen for ≥1 month prior to screening; 5) a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) at screening 60–85% of the predicted normal value 12 in the absence of short-acting ß2-agonist (SABA) and LABA use for ≥6 and ≥48 h prior, respectively; and 6) FEV1 reversibility ≥15% over their baseline value within 30 min after inhalation of 400 µg (four inhalations) of salbutamol in the afternoon or evening of the screening visit.

Exclusion criteria were: 1) the presence of relevant pulmonary disease; 2) use of tobacco products within 6 months before screening or a smoking history of >10 pack-yrs; 3) hospitalisation or emergency room treatment for acute asthma in the 3 months prior to screening or between screening and the start of the treatment period; 4) a respiratory tract infection within 1 month prior to screening; 5) abnormal blood glucose levels; and 6) corrected QT (QTc) interval at screening >430 or 450 ms for males and females, respectively, or a history of prolonged QTc interval.

Study treatment
Patients received a single dose of indacaterol 50, 100, 200 or 400 µg or placebo on each of five separate visits. The range of doses was chosen on the basis of results from an earlier study 10. The study drug was administered by one inhalation from each of two HFA pMDIs (delivering indacaterol 50 or 200 µg or placebo).

Inhaled salbutamol was only permitted as rescue medication and was not to be taken within 6 h prior to the start of a treatment period. If rescue salbutamol was needed during this period, the visit was rescheduled. Patients taking ICS (≤1,600 µg of beclometasone dipropionate or equivalent) continued to do so throughout the study. Inhaled LABAs were allowed between treatment periods at recommended daily doses, providing the dose remained fixed throughout the study, but had to be discontinued 48 h prior to screening or study drug administration.

Treatments not permitted included fixed combinations of ß2-agonists and ICS, parenteral or oral corticosteroids, theophylline or other xanthines, leukotriene antagonists, and oral or inhaled anticholinergics.

Assessments
Spirometry was conducted according to American Thoracic Society standards 13 at all visits: pre-dose and 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min post-dose; hourly from 2–6 h post-dose; every 2 h from 13–19 h post-dose; and hourly from 20–26 h post-dose. The primary efficacy comparisons were the per cent changes in FEV1 between indacaterol and placebo at 30 min and at 21 h post-dose.

Secondary efficacy comparisons with placebo (both per cent and absolute change) included the standardised areas under the curve (AUC) for FEV1 0–6 h, 13–24 h and 0–24 h post-dose. A summary table for FEV1 at all time-points is also provided together with ANCOVAs assessing treatment ratios in FEV1 at each post-dose time-point.

Safety was assessed by monitoring and recording all adverse events, serious adverse events, haematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis, vital signs, ECGs, spirometry and physical examination.

Statistical analyses
All efficacy variables were analysed for the intention-to-treat population, which included all randomised patients. All safety variables were analysed for the safety population, which included all randomised patients who received at least one dose of study medication.

The primary comparisons were performed using an ANCOVA model for log(FEV1), with patient as a random effect, period and treatment as fixed effects and log(baseline FEV1) as covariate. If patients took rescue medication prior to the 30-min post-dose evaluation, this value was excluded from the analysis. If a patient took rescue medication or withdrew 13–21 h post-dose, the 21-h value was derived using last observation carried forward. However, the 21-h measurement was used in the analysis if it was lower than the last pre-rescue measurement. If a patient withdrew from the study prior to the 13-h post-dose evaluation, the 21-h value was not derived. For either time-point, data missing for any other reason were imputed using linear interpolation.

ANCOVAs, similar to those used for the primary comparisons, were used for each of the AUC comparisons with no adjustment for multiplicity.

Sample size calculation
An improvement of 12% in FEV1 compared with placebo was defined as clinically relevant 13. Assuming a within-patient variance of 0.011 for log(FEV1), a sample size of 35 was required to detect an increase of 12% in FEV1. This sample size would provide an overall one-sided error rate of 2.1% and an overall power of 95.5%. It was expected that ~43 patients should be recruited in order for 35 to complete the study.

Establishing optimal dose
The optimal dose was identified using three pre-specified criteria. First, at both 30 min and 21 h post-dose, an effective dose was defined as a dose that was superior to placebo for FEV1 at the 2.5% one-sided significance level, with an upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the treatment/placebo ratio of >1.12, which corresponds to a clinically relevant increase of 12% improvement over placebo. Secondly, efficacy was to be determined from an estimation of the treatment difference between each pair of active doses. Thirdly, the safety of each dose would be considered.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
Patients
The present study was carried out at three locations. A total of 50 patients were screened and 42 were randomised, all receiving at least one dose of study medication. Their demographics are shown in table 1Go. More than half of the patients had at least one concomitant disease at the start of the study, most frequently related to allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and 24 (57%) were using ICS.


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  		Table 1— Baseline demographics and disease characteristics

 
In total, 40 (95%) patients completed all five treatments in the study. One patient discontinued due to protocol violation (out of range FEV1 at pre-dose spirometry), and one, who later reported a previous history of a minor abnormality in a liver function test, due to mildly elevated bilirubin levels (suspected Gilbert's syndrome).

Efficacy
Indacaterol 50, 200 and 400 µg were superior to placebo for FEV1 at both 30 min and 21 h post-dose; indacaterol 100 µg was superior to placebo at 30 min, but not at 21 h post-dose (fig. 1Go). Indacaterol 400 µg was the most effective dose, although the difference from the other indacaterol doses was not always statistically superior. The upper boundary of the 95% CI for the ratio with placebo exceeded 1.12 (corresponding to an increase of 12% over placebo) for indacaterol 200 and 400 µg at both time-points (fig. 1Go). Therefore, both the 200 and 400 µg doses met the first set of pre-specified criteria for clinical efficacy.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1— Estimates of per cent increases for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of treatment groups compared with placebo and associated 95% confidence intervals at 30 min and 21 h post-dose. {circ}: 50 µg versus placebo; blk12: 100 µg versus placebo; blk34: 200 µg versus placebo; •: 400 µg versus placebo. p-Values were 0.003, 0.003, <0.001 and <0.001 for 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg, respectively, at 30 min post-dose and 0.011, 0.080, 0.002 and <0.001 for 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg, respectively, at 21 h post-dose.

 
FEV1 at each post-dose time-point is shown both as a summary table (table 2Go) and with ANCOVAs assessing treatment ratios (table 3Go). All indacaterol doses demonstrated higher mean FEV1 values over the 26-h assessment period compared with placebo (fig. 2Go, table 3Go). At the (first) 5-min time-point, significant improvements relative to placebo (p<0.05) were obtained for indacaterol 200 and 400 µg (table 3Go), and these were sustained at each subsequent time-point up to and including 25 h (200 µg) and 26 h (400 µg). Indacaterol 400 µg was statistically superior (p<0.05) to the other indacaterol doses at most time-points (fig. 2Go). The highest mean differences in FEV1 from placebo were reached at 2–3 h post-dose.


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  		Table 2— Summary statistics of mean values for forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1) at selected time-points#

 

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  		Table 3— Comparison of geometric least squares mean values# for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) at selected time-points

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2— The 26-h profile of mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Indacaterol 400 µg was superior to placebo (p<0.05) at all post-dose time-points; 200 µg superior to placebo (p<0.05) from 5 min to 25 h post-dose (inclusive); 100 µg superior to placebo (p<0.05) from 10 min to 6 h, 15–19 h and 22–23 h post-dose (inclusive); 50 µg superior to placebo (p<0.05) from 10 min to 6 h and 15–25 h post-dose (inclusive). blk14: Sleep; {blacksquare}: indacaterol 400 µg (n = 41); {square}: indacaterol 200 µg (n = 41); •: indacaterol 100 µg (n = 41); {circ}: indacaterol 50 µg (n = 41); {blacktriangleup}: placebo (n = 40). *: p<0.05 versus indacaterol 200 µg; #: p<0.05 versus indacaterol 100 µg; : p<0.05 versus indacaterol 50 µg.

 
Analysis of standardised AUC for FEV1 at 0–6, 13–24 and 0–24 h (table 4Go) demonstrated that all doses of indacaterol were superior to placebo (p<0.05), with the exception of the 100 µg dose at 13–24 h. FEV1 AUC for indacaterol 400 µg was statistically superior to all other doses (p<0.05) at 0–6 h and 0–24 h, and was superior to indacaterol 100 µg at 13–24 h (p<0.05).


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  		Table 4— Standardised area under curve# (AUC) for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) for the intention-to-treat population

 
Safety and tolerability
All doses of indacaterol were well tolerated, with no serious adverse events experienced in any treatment sequence. The overall number of adverse events appeared to be dose-related (table 5Go). The most common adverse events were headache and cough, all episodes of which were mild to moderate apart from one severe headache with indacaterol 400 µg. There were no asthma-related adverse events.


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  		Table 5— Patients with most frequent adverse events# in the safety population

 
Haematological and biochemical measurements fell within the normal ranges and, with one exception, there were no clinically significant differences between treatments. One patient who had abnormally high values of creatinine kinase at the screening visit also had marked increases 6 h post-dose whilst receiving indacaterol 100 µg, although the values returned to normal 13–26 h post-dose. The incidence of newly occurring biochemical abnormalities was low, with no clinically meaningful differences across treatments. There were minimal changes in mean potassium and glucose levels 6 h post-dose, with no statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences between treatments (table 6Go).


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  		Table 6— Adjusted mean serum potassium, blood glucose and cardiac frequency at selected time-points in the safety population

 
There were no clinically significant differences in vital signs, including cardiac frequency and blood pressure, or ECG abnormalities between treatments. For all treatments, the QTc interval decreased from pre-dose to 15 min post-dose, with only minor changes at 6 and 24 h post-dose. There were no clinically meaningful or statistically significant differences in mean QTc interval between indacaterol and placebo. No QTc interval increases >60 ms from pre- to post-dose were observed.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 
The present study demonstrates that indacaterol provides sustained 24-h bronchodilation when taken once daily. During the current study, indacaterol was administered in the late afternoon (17:00–19:00 h), at a time when the upswing of diurnal variation in FEV1 would have already occurred. Despite this, a rapid and sustained increase in FEV1 was observed, with the rapid onset of action of indacaterol (within 5 min of dosing) comparable to that of the SABA salbutamol (~2–3 min) 14. In the present study, the first time-point (30 min post-dose) for one of the primary efficacy comparisons (% change in FEV1 from placebo) was selected on the basis of the characteristics of salmeterol, which has a relatively slow onset of action, achieving a clinically meaningful effect at ~30 min post-dose 14. Therefore, the 30-min time-point was used to assess whether indacaterol was at least as fast in onset as salmeterol. The second time-point for comparison (21 h post-dose) was selected as this was considered to be the minimum requirement for a single dose of a drug that was to be given once a day.

All doses and placebo displayed a similar overnight decrease in FEV1, as can be seen from the 6 and 13 h measurements in figure 2Go, consistent with circadian variation of lung function. Patients were allowed to sleep for ~7 h during the test period (from 00:00–07:00 h) and thus preserving the circadian variation in pulmonary function. Accentuation of the circadian variation of lung function is a recognised feature of asthma and an expression of bronchial hyperreactivity. It is influenced by diurnal changes in adrenaline, adenosine monophosphate, histamine and other inflammatory mediators, cortisol, vagal tone, body temperature and lower airway secretions 15, 16. Other occurrences during sleep, such as the supine posture, sleep-associated reductions in lung volume, intrapulmonary pooling of blood and sleep-associated upper airway narrowing, may also have influenced the early morning measurement 17. Similar data have been shown in patients with mild asthma, in whom single doses of formoterol and salbutamol administered in the morning significantly improved FEV1 for ≥12 h and moved the pattern of circadian variation in lung function to a higher FEV1 level through the subsequent night, without actually influencing either the phase or amplitude of the variation over the 24-h observation period 18.

The lung function data in the present study demonstrate that there is a dose-dependent upward shift of the circadian pattern over the entire 26-h period in which FEV1 was measured. Despite the preservation of the circadian pattern, indacaterol doses provided trough FEV1 values (i.e. 21–24 h post-dose) that were superior to placebo. This confirms the sustained 24-h bronchodilator efficacy of indacaterol, although only the 200 and 400 µg doses were statistically superior to placebo at all time-points from 5-min to 24-h post-dose. Since FEV1 for all doses of indacaterol was greater than placebo at all time-points, this provides evidence that the duration of action of indacaterol is dose-independent across the range tested and it may possibly be due to an intrinsic property of the molecule at the receptor level.

Besides indacaterol, other once-daily LABAs are being developed 19. The convenience of once-daily dosing, together with sustained bronchodilation, will allow for better compliance, thus increasing the likelihood of medication adherence and asthma control. Improved clinical outcomes associated with prolonged bronchodilation have previously been shown when comparing twice-daily LABAs with regular SABA therapy 20, 21. In COPD, once-daily tiotropium is clearly superior to regular short-acting anticholinergic therapy for all relevant clinical outcomes 22.

Alongside the potential advantages of a once-daily LABA, one also needs to consider that the regular use of LABAs has been linked with the potential development of tolerance to bronchoprotective and bronchodilator effects. The pharmacological profile may favour indacaterol in this respect. In pre-clinical studies (relative to isoprenaline) indacaterol (73%) has more of a full agonist profile than the partial agonist salmeterol (38%) 23, 24 and, therefore, might be expected to incur fewer problems of cross-tolerance to SABA rescue medication. Clinical studies to investigate these interactions, as well as the potential for receptor down-regulation in humans, have still to be carried out.

The regular use of the LABA salmeterol without concomitant anti-inflammatory treatment has been associated with an increased risk of asthma death 25. The combination of LABA and ICS is currently considered as the gold standard for patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma 1. Thus, it is anticipated that a once-daily LABA will be recommended to be combined with a once-daily ICS, e.g. ciclesonide or mometasone, either in free or fixed combination. A rapid onset of action of the bronchodilator component (as shown for indacaterol) in such combinations might be beneficial since it would also allow for use in acute situations, a strategy that has been successfully developed for fixed combinations of budesonide/formoterol 26, 27. Experiments using indacaterol in isolated human bronchus have demonstrated an onset of effect very similar to those of formoterol and salbutamol, the classic rescue bronchodilator, in contrast to a more than two-fold slower onset for salmeterol 24. Finally, another possible future use would be to combine treatment with a once-daily LABA with once-daily tiotropium (or other once-daily anticholinergic) in COPD. With distinct but complementary pharmacological modes of action 28, such a combination would be likely to provide additional therapeutic benefits in this indication 29.

Since the present study was limited to several single-dose exposures separated by ≥5 days, few conclusions can be drawn on the long-term safety of indacaterol. However, these results are consistent with those of a longer study, in which patients received indacaterol ≤600 µg daily for 28 days 30. A preliminary report of the systemic effects of indacaterol 1,000 µg as a single dose (more than twice the upper dose used in the present study) showed that the prolonged bronchodilation was not accompanied by a similar prolongation in the predictable ß2-adrenoceptor-mediated systemic effects. Plasma glucose, potassium, QTc and cardiac frequency showed initial changes but all remained within normal levels. All of these values matched placebo levels sooner for indacaterol than the active comparator, salmeterol, administered at a dose of 250 µg 31.

In conclusion, single 200 and 400 µg doses of indacaterol provided effective and sustained 24-h bronchodilator control with a rapid onset of action (<5 min) and a good tolerability and safety profile. The convenience of once-daily dosing could lead to better compliance and may help to treat both daytime and nocturnal symptoms of asthma.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
 
The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following investigators: R. Pauwels (Ghent, Belgium) and L. Grönke (Hamburg, Germany). In addition, the authors acknowledge the contribution of all of the other personnel involved in the study. The authors were assisted by professional medical writers D. Young, P. Birch and S. Filcek in the preparation of this text.

The present study was supported by a grant from Novartis Pharma AG (Basel, Switzerland). K.M. Beeh received compensation for serving on an advisory board for Novartis, Germany. He has participated as a speaker in scientific meetings or courses organised and financed by various pharmaceutical companies (Boehringer, Novartis, Pfizer, Fujisawa, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme) in 2003, 2004 and 2005. He received fees for speaking at a conference symposium sponsored by Novartis in 2005. The institution where K.M. Beeh is currently employed has received compensations for participating in multicentre trials in 2004, 2005 and 2006 from several companies (AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Revotar, Biopharmaceuticals, EpiGenesis, Corus Pharma, Almirall Prodesfarma, Merck Sharpe & Dohme and Fujisawa). K.M. Beeh has been reimbursed for travel expenses by Novartis, Boehringer, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pfizer for attending several conferences. E. Derom received grants in 2002, 2003 and 2004 for serving on an advisory board for GlaxoSmithKline. He also received compensation during 2003–2005 from Altana Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, SGSBiopharma and Novartis as research grants for participating in clinical trials. E. Derom also received a grant from AstraZeneca to attend the American Thoracic Society 2004 Congress and from Altana Pharma to attend the European Respiratory Society 2005 Congress. F. Kanniess has received compensation for the conduct of clinical trials or educational grants from GSK, Epigenesis, Altana, AstraZeneca, Allmiral Prodesfarma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Schering-Plough, Astellas and ONO. R. Cameron has been employed by Novartis since April 1996. M. Higgins has been employed by Novartis since November 2001 and holds shares in the company. At the time of the study and development of the manuscript A. van As was a full-time employee of Novartis and owned stock in the company.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 REFERENCES
 

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