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Table 1— Main characteristics of the randomised controlled trials(RCTs) included in the meta-analysis

First author [Ref.]
Publication yr
Study design
Population
Regimen 1
Regimen 2
Additional antibiotics
Enrolled patients n^#
ITT n^#
Study quality score^¶

Joshi 64 2006 MC DB RCT Hospitalised ( $≤$ 18 yrs) with suspected or proven NP i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg q6 h i.v. piperacillin/tazobactam 4g/ 500 mg q6 h Tombramycin or amikacin (in P. aeruginosa infection) 449 215 versus 222 5

West 65 2003 MC RCT Hospitalised with NP i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg–1 g q6-8 h, followed by p.o. ciprofloxacin 750 mg q12 h i.v. levofloxacin 750 mg q24h, followed by p.o. levofloxacin q24 h Amikacin (or other aminoglycoside) for P. aeruginosa in IMI group. Ceftazidime (or other ß-lactam) for P. aeruginosa in LEVO group. Vancomycin for S. aureus in both groups 438 218 versus 220 3

Zanetti 66 2003 MC RCT ICU ( $≥$ 16 yrs) with NP with or without MV i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg q6 h i.v. cefepime 2 g q8 h Not allowed 281 138 versus 132 3

Alvarez Lerma 67 2001 MC RCT ICU ( $≥$ 18 yrs) with VAP i.v. meropenem 1 g q8 h i.v. ceftazidime 2 g q8 h plus i.v. amicacin 15 mg·kg^–1·day^–1 divided in two equal doses Not allowed 140 69 versus 71 3

Torres 68 2000 MC RCT Hospitalised ( $≥$ 18 yrs) with severe NP requiring MV i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 2–4 g·day^–1 i.v. ciprofloxacin 800–1200 mg·day^–1 Not allowed (unless initiated >5 days before study) 152 77 versus 72 2

Jaccard 69 1998 MC RCT Hospitalised (>16 yrs) with NP i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg q6 h i.v. piperacillin/tazobactam 4 g/500 mg q8 h Not allowed NA NA 1

Jaspers 70 1998 MC RCT Hospitalised elderly ( $≤$ 65 yrs) with serious NP i.v. meropenem 1 g q8 h i.v. cefuroxime 1.5 g q8 h plus i.v. gentamicin 4 mg·kg^–1·day^–1 once daily or in two or three divided doses Not allowed NA NA 1

Polk 71 1997 MC RCT Hospitalised trauma patients (18-80 yrs) with confirmed or presumed NP requiring MV i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg q6 h i.v. aztreonam 2 g q8 h plus i.v. vancomycin 1 g q12 h Not allowed 122 59 versus 63 1

Sieger 72 1997 MC RCT Hospitalised (>17 yrs) with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections i.v. meropenem 1 g q8 h i.v. ceftazidime 2 g q8 h plus i.v. tobramycin 1 mg·kg^–1 q8 h Not allowed 211 104 versus 107 2

Mouton 73 1995 MC RCT Hospitalised adult patients with serious lower respiratory tract infections i.v. meropenem 1 g q8 h i.v. ceftazidime 2 g q8 h plus i.v. amicacin 15 mg·kg^–1·day^–1 divided in two or three equal doses Not allowed NA 44 versus 40 2

Fink 74 1994 MC DB RCT Hospitalised (usually in ICU) ( $≤$ 18 years) with severe pneumonia i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 1 g q8 h i.v. ciprofloxacin 400 mg q8 h Antifungal, antiviral, topical antibiotics, metronidazole (for aspiration pneumonia in CIPRO group), vancomycin (for Gram-positive bacteraemia) 405 156 versus 156 5

Norrby 75 1993 MC RCT Hospitalised ( $≤$ 16 yrs) with clinically suspected NP i.v. imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg q6 h i.v. ceftazidime 2 g q12 h Not allowed 254 129 versus 125 1

ITT: intention to treat; MC: multicentre, DB: double-blind; NP: nosocomial pneumonia; P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; IMI: imipinem; LEVO: levoflavoxin; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; VAP: ventilator-acquired pneumonia; NA: not applicable; CIPRO: ciprofloxacin. ^#: only patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia are included (patients with community-acquired pneumonia are not included); ^¶: according to a modified Jadad score.

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