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From the authors

Harbor-University of California, Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.

We welcome the comments of J. Vandevoorde and M. Swanney, who have been at the forefront of advocacy for the substitution of forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV₆₎ and its ratios for forced vital capacity (FVC) and its ratios. While we respect their findings, our study 1 concerned the use of spirometry to detect airway obstruction in a relatively healthy population, the third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES-III), rather than its clinical use in following patients with known disease.

We hope we agree that in following patients with known and significant airway obstruction or in assessing responsiveness to inhaled bronchodilators, the absolute values of FEV₁ or FEV₃ are optimal, and ratios such as FEV₁/FEV₆, FEV₁/FVC or mean forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF_25–75%) are not. In following these patients, there is no need for repeated lengthy forced manoeuvres, such as FEV₆ or FVC. Unforced vital capacities not only suffice, but may be more informative and less stressful than repeated FEV₆ or FVC manoeuvres.

The question of selecting spirometric values to detect early airway obstruction, especially in primary-care settings, which was our focus, is more complex. For detecting obstruction, adding a measurement that focuses on the proportional increase in long time-constant lung units, i.e. the FEV₃/FVC (or 1–FEV₃/FVC), supplements the FEV₁/FVC well. J. Vandevoorde and M. Swanney seem to object to us adding the FEV₃/FVC as a measure to detect obstruction in "healthy subjects", yet the NHANES-III smokers clearly had greater increases of long time-constant lung units (1–FEV₃/FVC) than nonsmokers 1. This increase may be undetected by the FEV₁/FEV₆ measurement, while the FEF_25–75%, using either the FEV₆ or FVC as a denominator, is certainly not sufficient to independently detect airway obstruction in a statistically valid way in a relatively healthy population 2.

One could question the clinical relevance of detecting borderline obstruction, except for epidemiological studies and for the purpose of the early detection of developing disease. In fact, another proponent of the FEV₆ measurement editorialises that the screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by primary-care physicians has the potential to do more harm than good 3. However, we think that early detection of airway obstruction and identification of the cause have merit. Committee guidelines from authorities for detecting airway obstruction are useful 4, but not necessarily the last word, as evidenced by recent public correspondence 5, 6 and the conflicts over the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease standard of FEV₁/FVC <70% to define airway obstruction 4, 6.

In many, if not all, studies 2, 7–9, the coefficients of variation for the FEV₁/FVC and FEV₃/FVC are much lower than for FEV₁, FEV₃, FVC or FEF_25–75%. We contended that airway obstruction was likely to be present if either the FEV₁/FVC and/or FEV₃/FVC before bronchodilator administration were <95% confidence levels, even though the absolute FEV₁ may have been >80% mean predicted. Thus, in detecting, rather than quantifying obstruction, the spirometric curve after 1 s, and even after 6 s, may be important. Ignoring measurements that detect the increase in long time-constant airspaces lessens the ability to detect early disease. Therefore, in detecting airway obstruction, volume ratios such as FEV₁/FVC and FEV₃/FVC should both be useful. In contrast, absolute values, such as FEV₁ and FEV₃, are valuable in quantifying obstruction or assessing response to bronchodilators or to follow the progress of known disease.

Clinically, when spirometric values are borderline, clinical evaluation including a good history and physical examination, bronchodilator testing, and measurement of gas-transfer index may be necessary to diagnose or exclude lung disease. Neither ignoring airway obstruction nor over-diagnosis and over-treatment are desirable. However, let us acknowledge that spirometry has three major uses: 1) detection of airway obstruction; 2) assessment of disease progression; and 3) assessment of therapy. For the first, we showed that values of both the FEV₁/FVC and FEV₃/FVC separated NHANES-III current smokers from never-smokers by 20 yrs by middle age 2. We did not assess the similar effectiveness of the FEV₃/FEV₆, the progression of disease and therapy. However, for assessing disease progression or effect of therapy, we stress that the absolute values of FEV₁ and FEV₃ should be more sensitive than any ratios, including FEV₁/FEV₆, FEV₁/FVC or FEF_25–75%, because both numerator and denominator may increase or decrease together, thereby obscuring the absolute change in the fast time-constant lung units (those that contribute to the flow during the first second).

We hope that we can find common ground with J. Vandevoorde and M. Swanney and their colleagues in recommending that spirometry to detect airway obstruction should be performed on good equipment by dedicated, trained and experienced technicians, under the supervision of physicians experienced and skilled in the interpretation of spirometry. We also believe that optimal spirometry measurements to detect early airway disease should include detection of an abnormal increase in proportion of longer time-constant (diseased) lung units. Conversely, absolute timed volumes, rather than ratios, are useful for following patients with known disease.

REFERENCES

1. Hansen JE, Sun X-G, Wasserman K. Should forced expiratory volume in six seconds replace forced vital capacity to detect airway obstruction. Eur Respir J 2006;27:1244–1250.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Hansen JE, Sun XG, Wasserman K. Discriminating measures and normal values for expiratory obstruction. Chest 2006;129:369–377.
3. Enright P. Does screening for COPD by primary care physicians have potential to cause more harm than good? Chest 2006;129:833–834.
4. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 2005;26:948–968.[Free Full Text]
5. Enright P. Flawed interpretative strategies for lung function tests harm patients. Eur Respir J 2006;27:1322–1323.[Free Full Text]
6. Pelligrino R, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, et al. Flawed interpretative strategies for lung function tests harm patients. Eur Respir J 2006;27:1323–1324.[Free Full Text]
7. Crapo RO, Morris AH, Gardner RM. Reference spirometric values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS standards. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;123:659–664.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD, Holberg J, Burrows B. Changes in the normal maximal expiratory flow-volume cure with growth and aging. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127:725–734.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Hankinson JL, Odencrantz JR, Fedan KB. Spirometric reference values from asample of the general US population. Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med 1999:159:179 187

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