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1 Dept of Pulmonology, Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, 2 Dept of Pulmonology, Diaconessenhuis, Leiden, and 3 Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
CORRESPONDENCE: D. Cheung, Dept of Pulmonology, Vlietland Hospital, Burg. Knappertlaan 25, NL-3116 BA Schiedam, The Netherlands. Fax: 31 102044784. E-mail: dcheung{at}ssvz.nl
Keywords: Asthma, formoterol turbuhaler, reliever, salbutamol
Received: January 19, 2005
Accepted November 7, 2005
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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In total, 211 patients with a mean age of 45 yrs (mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 77% predicted normal), using ICS, were randomised to 3 weeks' double-blind treatment with as-needed formoterol 4.5 µg Turbuhaler® and with as-needed salbutamol 100 µg Turbuhaler® in a cross-over fashion.
Overall, lung function and symptom control were better with as-needed formoterol than with as-needed salbutamol. During as-needed formoterol treatment daytime and night-time symptom scores were lower, peak expiratory flow and FEV1 were higher and patients experienced fewer disturbed nights (34%) compared with as-needed salbutamol. Patients preferred the formoterol treatment to salbutamol. Of the 162 patients expressing a preference, formoterol was preferred by 68% (95% confidence interval: 60–75). Subjective assessment of effectiveness also favoured formoterol, which was perceived as slightly faster acting than salbutamol.
In conclusion, as-needed formoterol improved symptoms and lung function compared with salbutamol and was perceived as more effective and at least as fast acting for symptom relief.
The ß2-agonists are widely used in the treatment of asthma for relief of bronchoconstriction. Due to their established efficacy and safety profile they have reached a prominent place in the management of asthma 1. Rapid-acting ß2-agonists, such as salbutamol (albuterol) and terbutaline, are primarily used for as-needed therapy, whilst ß2-agonists with a long duration of effect, such as salmeterol and formoterol, are generally reserved for maintenance treatment in conjunction with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). However, formoterol, unlike salmeterol, has a rapid onset of bronchodilation, which allows it to be used both for maintenance and as-needed therapy 2–5. Adding a long-acting ß2-agonist to ICS therapy, as a maintenance treatment, has been shown to reduce the frequency of asthma exacerbations 6, 7. Another study has shown that as-needed formoterol can reduce the incidence of severe asthma exacerbations compared with as-needed terbutaline 8, with lower overall management costs 9.
At the start of the present study, no published studies were available examining the relative efficacy of inhaled formoterol in comparison with inhaled salbutamol, with both treatments used strictly as needed. However, recently, an open comparison of formoterol and salbutamol showed that the use of as-needed formoterol was associated with improved asthma control 10. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate relative efficacy and patient preference for formoterol and salbutamol when used only as reliever medication. Having both ß2-agonists available in identical inhalers made it possible to assess the relative efficacy of the two drugs in a double-blind, controlled setting in a cross-over design. It was anticipated that by allowing free as-needed use of both drugs, the patients would compensate for the shorter duration of action of salbutamol by taking more frequent inhalations. If this theory reflected actual patient behaviour during the study, a likely outcome would be a similar efficacy between the two treatments. Therefore, an additional aim of the current study was to investigate patients' preference for the study drugs, which was made possible by the double-blind and cross-over design of the study.
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METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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18 yrs) with a diagnosis of asthma according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) 11 were studied. Enrolled patients were on ICS treatment for >4 weeks. This treatment was maintained throughout the study. All patients included had a baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 50% of predicted normal value 12 and FEV1 reversibility 12% after inhaling terbutaline 1.0 mg or salbutamol 0.4 mg. Patients were excluded from the study if they: 1) used systemic glucocorticosteroids; 2) experienced a clinically relevant airway infection in the 4 weeks before the study; 3) had a clinically relevant concomitant disease; and 4) used ß-blocker therapy or were pregnant or breastfeeding. Systemic bronchodilators were not allowed and all inhaled bronchodilators were stopped at enrolment and exchanged for the study drugs.
Study design
The randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was performed in 27 centres in the Netherlands. Eligible patients entered a run-in period (14 days) in which they continued their ICS at a constant dose and all reliever and maintenance bronchodilators were exchanged for terbutaline (Bricanyl® Turbuhaler® 0.25 mg; AstraZeneca, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands) to be used only as needed. Reliever use was recorded using a daily diary card. Patients requiring 10 inhalations of terbutaline over the run-in period, but 
8 inhalations on any single day were randomised. At randomisation, the reliever medication was exchanged for blinded study inhalers, consisting of formoterol 4.5 µg (delivered dose, equivalent to 6 µg metered dose; Oxis® Turbuhaler®, AstraZeneca) or salbutamol 100 µg (albuterol; salbutamol Turbuhaler®, AstraZeneca). After 3 weeks of treatment patients were switched to the alternative inhaler for another 3 weeks. The current study was performed according to Good Clinical Practice guidelines and was subjected to approval by Medical Ethics Committees at all centres. All patients gave written informed consent before being enrolled.
Efficacy measurements
Lung function
Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was recorded twice daily (mini-Vitalograph Absolute Scale; Vitalograph, Buckingham, UK) on daily diary cards throughout the study. FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured at the clinic visits and the highest values of both parameters recorded. All apparatus fulfilled the ATS specifications for accuracy.
Preference
After the second treatment period, patients were given a questionnaire in Dutch that assessed their overall preference for either the first or second treatment, or if they had no preference for either of the test treatment periods. The two questions were as follows. 1) Which treatment period out of the last 6 weeks do you prefer in general for use of your rescue medication for your asthma, treatment period 1 or treatment period 2? 2) You have been requested to express a preference, but if you have no preference at all for either treatment period you may choose no preference.
Symptoms
Daytime and night-time asthma symptoms were recorded on a scale of 0–3 (0 = none; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate; and 3 = severe symptoms). Awakenings due to asthma and daily bronchodilator use were also recorded.
Subjective efficacy
After the first and second treatment period, patients completed a questionnaire with four questions using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). This questionnaire assessed the patient's perception of: 1) speed of onset of relief, i.e. "How fast did you have benefit after using an inhalation from your study medication?"; 2) duration of effect, i.e. "How long did you have benefit after using an inhalation of your study medication?"; 3) overall effectiveness of the relief inhaler, i.e. "How do you think the study medication has worked for you?"; and 4) their asthma in general, i.e. "How did you feel in general about your asthma during the past 3 weeks?" A score of zero represented the worst possible opinion and a score of 100 represented the best possible.
Analysis
The present study was designed to be of sufficient size to detect a clinically relevant preference for formoterol or for salbutamol. It was anticipated that a difference in efficacy parameters might not be detectable due to patients titrating each study drug to get minimal symptoms; therefore, preference was chosen as a primary parameter. A statistically significant preference was defined as one of the two study drugs preferred by significantly >50% of all treated patients. The minimal clinically relevant preference was estimated to be 60%. Therefore, with 80% power and a two-sided significance level of 5%, 200 patients were required to be randomised and 120 patients were required to prefer one treatment in order to show a statistically significant preference. Preference was calculated both for all randomised patients and for the group that expressed a preference. Spirometry and VAS were analysed by analysis of variance (intent-to-treat analysis), with patient, period and treatment as factors. For FEV1 an additional exploratory analysis was performed, including only the patients who did not use a dose of their bronchodilator in the previous 6 h. PEF values, day and night symptom scores, and as-needed reliever medication use were averaged over the entire treatment periods. PEF variability was calculated as the quotient of the absolute difference between morning and evening PEF (PEFam and PEFpm, respectively) and the mean PEF over that day. Symptom-free days (SFD) were defined as a day with both morning and evening symptom score equal to zero and no awakenings due to asthma. All hypotheses were made using two-sided alternatives. A p-value <5% was considered statistically significant.
An exploratory analysis was performed post hoc to investigate differences in preference and VAS outcomes assessed by a questionnaire in patients who used frequent or less frequent as-needed doses of terbutaline in the run-in period. The study population was divided into three tertiles of approximately equal size, depending on the mean number of daily doses of terbutaline in the run-in: low <1.58 doses·day–1 (n = 69); intermediate 1.58–2.80 doses·day–1 (n = 70); and high >2.80 doses·day–1 (n = 72).
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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). According to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) classification of asthma severity 1, 79 patients had intermittent asthma (step 1), eight had mild persistent asthma (step 2), 90 had moderate persistent asthma (step 3) and 34 had severe persistent asthma (step 4). The mean dose of ICS was 797 µg·day–1 (19 patients took beclomethasone, 103 budesonide and 87 fluticasone), indicating that patients had predominantly moderate-to-severe asthma. Of the randomised patients, 14 (7%) did not complete both treatment periods (formoterol n = 6, salbutamol n = 8), nine were withdrawn due to adverse events (AEs; formoterol n = 4, salbutamol n = 5) and five due to withdrawal of consent or the use of prohibited medication.
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). FEV1 after formoterol treatment was 5% higher than after salbutamol treatment (mean difference 0.12 L; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07–0.16; p<0.0001). Similar differences were observed in the exploratory analysis of the 174 patients who did not use a dose of their study drug, in at least the last 6 h, prior to spirometry on both occasions (mean difference 0.11 L; 95% CI 0.07–0.15; p<0.001). Other significant differences in lung function measures in favour of formoterol were: FVC (mean difference of 0.07 L; 95% CI 0.02–0.13; p<0.01); PEFam (13.8 L·min–1; 95% CI 10.0–17.6; p<0.0001); and PEFpm (13.7 L·min–1; 95% CI 9.2–18.1; p<0.0001). PEF variability did not differ. After formoterol treatment FEV1 was 80.5% pred, and 77.1% pred after salbutamol treatment (mean difference 3.5%; 95% CI 2.2–4.8%).
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). Within the population of 162 patients expressing any preference, there was a 2.1-fold preference for formoterol with formoterol preferred by 67.9% (95% CI 60.1–75.0; p<0.001) and salbutamol by the remaining 32.1% (95% CI 25.0–39.9; p<0.0001). There was a small and nonsignificant 1.3-fold preference for the second period, which had no influence on the main outcome, as an equal number of patients started with either treatment.
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Patients' perception of the effectiveness of relief medication on the VAS showed that they rated formoterol to be more effective than salbutamol treatment on all attributes assessed (table 2
). Two questions resulted in significant differences: 1) "How well did the study drug work for you?"; and 2) "How did you feel in general about your asthma?" (Both p<0.001). Perceived duration of effect did not reach the formal significance level between the two groups (p = 0.067). Surprisingly, there was a difference in perceived onset of action in favour of formoterol, although this was not significantly different (p = 0.051).
An analysis performed post hoc on the data with the patient population split into three tertiles indicated that all tertiles gained increased benefit with formoterol compared with salbutamol (fig. 2). The difference in the number of as-needed inhalations was largest in the intermediate- and high-use tertiles (1.58 doses terbutaline·day–1). These two groups also had the largest difference in favour of formoterol for treatment preference (2.3-fold versus salbutamol, data not shown). The most marked difference in perceived effectiveness and duration of effect was observed in these two groups using an intermediate or high number of terbutaline inhalations in the run-in. In contrast, the difference in perceived speed of onset of effect in favour of formoterol was greatest in the group who used a low number of terbutaline inhalations in the run-in.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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As expected, the number of daily as-needed inhalations was significantly lower during formoterol treatment, a consequence of the drugs long duration of action 2. The relatively small difference (9%) may be partly explained by including patients with low or infrequent as-needed use, i.e. those mainly using a single daily dose upon rising or before going to sleep. These patients were likely to record a similar number of inhalations while being treated with a short-acting or a long-acting bronchodilator. The current study also shows that while using salbutamol as needed, the patients in the present study did not increase the frequency of reliever use to gain maximal attainable bronchodilating effect and minimal symptoms. In theory, by increasing the frequency of inhalations of the short-acting bronchodilator, a similar bronchodilating effect should be attainable as when using the long-acting bronchodilator at a lower frequency. In real life, patients seem to settle for worse symptom control while being treated with salbutamol than when treated with formoterol.
An exploratory analysis was performed post hoc, splitting the study population into three equal groups with a higher, medium or lower use of as-needed medication during the run-in. Efficacy differences between formoterol and salbutamol existed in all three groups, but the patients in the two groups with the highest use of reliever medication during run-in (1.58 doses·day–1) showed the largest differences in as-needed medication use, overall preference towards formoterol and subjective effectiveness in favour of formoterol. This suggests that more frequent users of as-needed treatment will benefit the most from the longer duration of action of formoterol. In contrast, the subgroup with the lowest use of reliever medication reported formoterol to work faster than salbutamol, which may indicate that frequent users may have a poorer perception of a bronchodilating effect.
There were no differences in the incidence (or profile) of AEs or asthma exacerbations between the two study drugs. In total there were 24 patient-yrs of observation in the present study in which only one hospitalisation due to an asthma exacerbation occurred and only five patients (2%) required systemic corticosteroid therapy. The short assessment period per patient in the present study limited the ability to detect a small difference in AE profile, but a favourable safety profile for as-needed formoterol was shown in two other large, blinded, long-term studies in comparison with as-needed terbutaline 8, 13 and in a recently published study versus open label as-needed salbutamol 10. Nevertheless, all symptom, lung function and preference measures appropriate for a 3-week assessment period significantly favoured treatment with as-needed formoterol. Indeed, the current study is one of the first to demonstrate improved symptom control with as-needed formoterol versus as-needed salbutamol.
In the present study, each treatment was administered for 3 weeks. This allowed patients to recall their asthma status in the first period when answering questions on treatment preference on completion of the second treatment period. As patients were instructed to use each treatment strictly as needed and not regularly, it was anticipated that steady state would be reached fairly quickly and carry-over effects would be minimal.
Many aspects of reliever medication will have an impact on preference. The present study was performed with identical and blinded inhalers, so the ease of use of inhaler could have no influence on the outcome. The higher preference for formoterol was more likely to be related to other factors, such as the observed difference in clinical effect. Patients were asked to rate four subjective aspects of the study treatments using the VAS. All four showed formoterol to be rated as more effective than salbutamol, although only two of these were statistically significant. Patients also perceived formoterol to have at least as fast an onset of effect as salbutamol.
The benefits of as-needed formoterol were further corroborated by traditional efficacy parameters, such as a 5% increase in FEV1, a 23% increase in the number of SFD and a 34% lower incidence of awakenings due to asthma.
It remains unclear whether the observed difference in overall clinical effect with formoterol relates solely to its longer duration of action or to other specific properties. In one comparative study, as-needed formoterol compared with as-needed terbutaline reduced the incidence of severe asthma exacerbations by 45% 8. Furthermore, other studies have shown that regular formoterol treatment leads to a decrease in severe exacerbations 6, 7. Possible explanations for the benefits of formoterol in asthma may be found in the observation that formoterol enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in vitro 14. Interestingly, formoterol has been shown to decrease the presence of eosinophils in the airway mucosa and sputum of asthmatics 15–17, while in other recently published studies other ß2-agonists, such as terbutaline and salmeterol, did not significantly influence sputum or airway mucosa eosinophil content 18–20.
With the advent of combination therapy (ICS plus a long-acting ß-agonist) for maintenance treatment of more severe asthma, the possibility of using formoterol both as maintenance and as needed should be considered. IND et al. 13 showed that as-needed formoterol, in addition to regular doses as part of a combination regimen, was as well tolerated and as effective as terbutaline. Therefore, if formoterol can be easily substituted for other, short-acting rescue medications, this new practice trend should not affect the usefulness of as-needed formoterol. Indeed, there may be some inherent advantages to using formoterol as both maintenance and as-needed therapy, including a need for fewer inhalers, leading to improved adherence to treatment. Furthermore, the REal LIfe EFfectiveness of Oxis® Turbuhaler® as-needed in asthmatic patients (RELIEF) study 10 demonstrated that patients receiving maintenance long-acting ß-agonists used a similar number of rescue inhalations of either formoterol or salbutamol, but that those without maintenance long-acting ß-agonists used significantly more inhalations of salbutamol compared with formoterol.
In conclusion, in patients using inhaled corticosteroids as maintenance therapy, as-needed treatment with formoterol results in improved lung function and symptom control compared with as-needed salbutamol. Formoterol treatment was perceived to be at least as fast acting as salbutamol treatment and formoterol treatment was significantly preferred over salbutamol by asthma patients.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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; M. Tieleman; P. Gobbens; M. Plaisier; D. Neppelenbroek; H. Vliegenthart-de Gouw; R. Kalpoe and M. Boorsma. They would also like to thank C. McCann for editorial help with the manuscript. |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES |
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: withdrawn; 
: formoterol; 
: no preference.