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1 Dept of Respiratory Medicine, London Chest Hospital, and 2 Lung Pathology, Dept of Gene Therapy, Imperial College School of Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
CORRESPONDENCE: N.C. Barnes, Dept of Respiratory Medicine, London Chest Hospital, Bonner Road, London, E2 9JX, UK. Fax: 44 2089832279. E-mail: neil.barnes@bartsandthelondon.nhs.uk
Keywords: Adverse events, asthma, biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchoscopy
Received: June 5, 2003
Accepted April 23, 2004
Financial support was provided by the British Lung Foundation, GlaxoSmithKline, Astra Zeneca, Merck and departmental funds.
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Abstract |
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A total of 159 asthmatic patients (84 males, 75 females), aged 18–52 (median 27) yrs, forced expiratory volume in one second 53–120 (median 88) % predicted, underwent 273bronchoscopies in six clinical research studies. On 228 occasions, EBB and BAL were performed and, on 45 occasions, EBB was performed alone. On 48 occasions, bronchoscopy was performed 24 h post-allergen challenge.
Adverse events occurred on 34 out of 273 occasions, none of which were following allergen challenge. Post-EBB and BAL, four patients developed pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath and fever. A further two patients experienced pleuritic chest pain alone post-EBB/BAL. Bronchospasm or worsening of asthma symptoms occurred on 14 occasions, 13 post-EBB/BAL and on one occasion post-EBB alone. Fever/flu-like symptoms were reported on nine occasions following EBB and BAL. One subject had haemoptysis post-EBB/BAL, but required no intervention.
In conclusion, bronchoscopy, endobronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage can be performed safely in asthmatic patients. Most of the complications were seen where bronchoalveolar lavage and endobronchial biopsy were both performed, suggesting that bronchoalveolar lavage accounts for most of the adverse events.
Fibreoptic bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy (EBB) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has become an important tool in asthma research over the last two decades. These techniques have led to significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of asthma and, in particular, the role of inflammatory cells and mediators 1–4. In addition, intervention studies with new and existing treatments have provided useful insight into the mechanisms of action and efficacy of these treatments 5–7. Following initial concerns over the safety of these techniques in asthmatic patients 8, 9, consensus guidelines were published by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 10, 11. More recently, three papers have reported bronchoscopy to be safe and well-tolerated in a relatively small number of asthmatic patients 12–14. Despite this, concerns still remain and a recent report has suggested audit and continued reporting of the safety of these procedures. The current authors report their experience of adverse events related to fibreoptic bronchoscopy performed in asthmatic subjects taking part in six clinical research studies.
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Methods |
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PC20 was measured for three of the studies; for one study, the data was not recorded, but entry criteria included a PC20<4 mg. For the other two studies, PC20 ranged from 0.06–6.0 (median 1.0). In the multicentre studies, only subjects who underwent bronchoscopy at the London Chest Hospital or the Royal Brompton Hospital are included in this report.
Study 1 was a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel group study using an anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody. This study required subjects to undergo two bronchoscopies, with EBB and BAL 8 weeks apart 15.
Study 2 was a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study investigating the effects of zafirlukast and beclomethasone dipropionate on allergen-induced airway inflammation. Subjects underwent bronchoscopy with EBB and BAL on two occasions 8 days apart and, on the second occasion, the bronchoscopy was performed 24 h post-allergen challenge 16.
Study 3 was a randomised, placebo-controlled study to examine whether cyclosporin A inhibited allergen-induced airway inflammation. Subjects underwent two bronchoscopies with EBB and BAL 3 days apart; the second was performed 24 h post-allergen challenge 17.
Study 4 was a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled comparison of the effects of oral pranlukast on bronchial mucosal immunopathology. Subjects underwent two bronchoscopies with EBB and BAL 12 weeks apart.
Study 5 was a single-centre study to compare the inflammatory profile in asthmatic smokers and nonsmokers. Subjects had one bronchoscopy with EBB alone.
Study 6 was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of montelukast on eosinophils in bronchial biopsy specimens. Subjects underwent two bronchoscopies with EBB and BAL 6 weeks apart.
Bronchoscopy
Fibreoptic bronchoscopy was performed on an outpatient basis at the London Chest Hospital and Royal Brompton Hospital in accordance with established guidelines 11. Following an overnight fast, patients were admitted to the day-case unit and baseline observations were performed. All bronchoscopies were performed in the morning. Patients were premedicated with 2.5–5 mg nebulised salbutamol. Immediately before bronchoscopy, midazolam was administered i.v. via a cannula, which remained in situ until the patient was fully recovered. Subjects in studies 4 and 6 also received 600 µg atropine as a pre-med. During the procedure, subjects had continuous monitoring of pulse oximetry (Nellcor Symphony N-300; Nellcor Puritan Bennett, Pleasanton, CA, USA) and received oxygen via nasal cannulae as required to maintain oxygen saturations >93%. The nose and oropharynx were anaesthetised with lignocaine spray, the vocal cords with4% lignocaine delivered via the bronchoscope and the tracheobrochial tree with 2% lignocaine delivered via the bronchoscope. The bronchoscope, either a Pentax FB 19 TX (Pentax, Tokyo, Japan) or an Olympus mode OSE (Olympus Corp., Lake Success, NY, USA) was inserted nasally where possible and the oral route was used as a second choice. After inspection of the bronchial tree when BAL was performed, 60–180 mL (depending on the study) of prewarmed 0.9% saline were instilled into the right middle lobe and then gently aspirated. Bronchial biopsies were then obtained from the subsegmental carinae of the right or left lower lobes or right middle lobe. Following bronchoscopy, subjects were observed with regular monitoring of oximetry and vital signs. Patients were discharged after an observation period of 
2 h, once safe swallowing had returned and observations were satisfactory. All were given an emergency contact number and follow-up was performed within a week of the procedure on most occasions. Adverse events were documented either at the time of bronchoscopy or at follow-up.
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Results |
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). There were no differences in adverse events between subjects receiving placebo and active drug. Where subjects had two bronchoscopies, there were no differences in the frequency of adverse events during the first or second bronchoscopy. On one occasion, a subject who experienced pleuritic chest pain following the first bronchoscopy withdrew from the study and, thus, declined to have a further bronchoscopy.
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10% ofthe BAL fluid was recovered. These symptoms were associated with a fall in FEV1 from 88% to 70% pred. Symptoms and spirometry resolved within 6 days without any treatment. One patient experienced chest pain and shortness of breath with no radiological changes and no treatment was required. Two further patients experienced pleuritic chest pain alone, without fever or dyspnoea. Bronchoconstiction episodes or worsening of asthma symptoms occurred on 14 occasions, 13 post-EBB/BAL and once post-EBB alone. On two occasions, the patient experienced problems during the procedure, and the procedure was terminated to allow treatment with nebulised bronchodilators and i.v. steroids. On six occasions, the symptoms occurred prior to discharge and required treatment with nebulised bronchodilators, and six subjects experienced an increase in symptoms within 24–48 h post-discharge and required the additional use of inhaled salbutamol for 3–25 days.
Fever or flu-like symptoms were reported on nine occasions following EBB and BAL. On each occasion, the symptoms that started 12–24 h after the procedure were short-lived andsettled spontaneously with no treatment in 2–5 days. Nonspecific chest discomfort occurred on two occasions post-EBB/BAL. A minor haemoptysis occurred on one occasion post-EBB/BAL; the subject was admitted for observation overnight and no treatment was required. Two patients reported general lethargy/malaise for 1 week post-bronchoscopy, one after EBB alone and one post-EBB/BAL.
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On two occasions following bronchoscopy with biopsy andBAL, subjects required hospital admission. On each occasion, they complained of pleuritic chest pain and fever, and developed chest radiograph infiltrates consistent with a diagnosis of pneumonitis. Treatment was instituted with i.v. antibiotics to cover possible infection and both subjects were fit to be discharged after 2 days. There were no long-term sequelae in either case.
On a further nine occasions, patients reported fever or flu-like symptoms. These events are not specific to asthmatic patients; fever following bronchoscopy is well-recognised, with previous studies estimating an incidence of 1.2–16% 18, 19 for all bronchoscopic procedures and an incidence of 2.5–50% amongst patients undergoing BAL 20, 21. In the current patients, only those undergoing BAL experienced fever or pneumonitis, and subjects who only had biopsy performed reported only nonspecific side-effects, such as mild deterioration in asthma symptoms and general lethargy. This would suggest that BAL accounts for the majority of adverse events and, although a direct comparison cannot be made as a result of the relatively small numbers of subjects undergoing biopsy alone, this is in keeping with the findings of Humbert et al. 14 who observed a trend towards a smaller reduction in peak expiratory flow when only biopsies were taken.
No adverse events were reported in the 48 patients who hadbronchoscopy post-allergen challenge, suggesting that bronchoscopy can be safely performed following allergen challenge. This is consistent with previous studies. Gianorio et al. 22 showed that BAL performed either 4 or 24 h post-allergen challenge neither deteriorated lung function nor increased airway responsiveness in a group of atopic patients with a history of rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma.
Bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy and/or bronchoalveolar lavage has become an important research tool. It can be performed safely and is well-tolerated by asthmatic subjects. Continued surveillance and reporting of the use of these techniques is recommended.
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