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1 Dept Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, 2 School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, 3 Worldwide Epidemiology GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford, Middlesex and Health Promotion Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
CORRESPONDENCE: A. Hansell, Dept Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK. Fax: 44 2074025253. E-mail: a.hansell@imperial.ac.uk
Keywords: asthma, cause of death, death certificates, epidemiology, obstructive lung diseases
Received: March 20, 2003
Accepted June 29, 2003
A. Hansell was funded by a Wellcome Trust Research Fellowship in Clinical Epidemiology.
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Abstract |
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Descriptive analyses of all conditions mentioned on the death certificate for all decedents where OLD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma) was mentioned as a contributing cause of death were conducted for England and Wales for 1993–1999.
OLD was mentioned in 312,664 or 8.0% of all deaths. OLD comprised the underlying cause of death in 59.8% of deaths with any mention of OLD. Where OLD was not the underlying cause of death, the leading causes by the International Classification of Disease version 9 chapter were diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, and non-OLD diseases of the respiratory system. The top single causes were acute myocardial infarction, other ischaemic heart disease, and lung cancer.
The current analysis confirms that using the underlying cause of death underestimates the contribution of obstructive lung disease to mortality in England and Wales, in contrast to myocardial infarction where underlying cause of death captures most (94%) mentions on the death certificate.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition with significant morbidity and mortality and was estimated as the third leading cause of mortality worldwide in 1990 1 and fourth leading cause of death in the USA in 1996 2. Work in the USA 3 has suggested that using underlying cause of death as an indicator of the health burden from severe COPD may dramatically underestimate the impact of the disease, with nonrespiratory causes accounting for >50% of the underlying causes of death in COPD patients in the USA 3. Most studies on the mechanisms and causes of death in COPD have been conducted on small groups of patients 4. One of the largest such studies involved 215 decedents with COPD and on long-term oxygen therapy. This found that the major causes of death were acute-on-chronic respiratory failure, heart failure, pulmonary infection, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrhythmia and lung cancer 5. Much less is known of the circumstances of death and the specific causes of death of COPD patients in the community 4.
Data on all conditions mentioned on the death certificate inEngland and Wales became available electronically from 1993 6. This study aimed to quantify the extent to which obstructive lung disease (OLD) made a significant contribution to the death in the opinion of the certifying physician by examining the extent to which OLD was mentioned anywhere on the death certificate. The study also aimed to better characterise the specific causes of death in OLD patients in England and Wales, where OLD was mentioned on the death certificate but not the underlying cause.
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Methods |
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All conditions listed on death certificates were obtained for1993–1999, where there was at least one mention of OLD (COPD or asthma, International Classification of Disease version 9 (ICD-9) codes 490–493, 496) on the certificate. Asthma codes were included because of the difficulty in distinguishing between the two conditions, particularly in later life 7.
Descriptive analyses were conducted for the multiple cause data for 1993–1999, including a determination of the causes of deaths for decedents where OLD was mentioned on the death certificate, but where OLD was not the underlying cause of death. Time trends used rates directly age-standardised to the population in 1999. A Chi-squared test for trend was used to examine for statistically significant linear trends. Confidence intervals were not presented for rates because a 100% sample was used.
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Results |
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). These proportions varied by sex. OLD was the underlying cause of death in 5.7% of male death certificates and 3.8% of female death certificates and it was mentioned on 9.9% of male death certificates and 6.2% of female death certificates.
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90 yrs.
The commonest code used for OLD in 1993–1999 was chronic airways obstruction, not elsewhere classified (ICD-9 496), comprising 
80% of codes where an OLD was the underlying cause of death or where OLD was mentioned anywhere on the death certificate (table 2). The next most common code was chronic bronchitis (ICD-9 491) comprising 10% of male and 7% of female codes. Emphysema (ICD-9 492) and bronchitis unspecified (ICD-9 490) were less commonly used and appeared more frequently as a mention on the death certificate than as the underlying cause of death (table 2). Bronchitis codes (ICD-9 490–491) and COPD unspecified (ICD-9 496) were more commonly used in the oldest age groups (fig. 1).
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6.8% of deaths with any mention of OLD and 0.5% of all deaths in England and Wales for 1993–1999. The use of asthma codes varied by age and sex: asthma was mentioned more often in female death certificates (10.1% of female decedents with any mention of OLD versus 4.6% of males) and in younger age groups. Asthma was the commonest OLD reported on death certificates for those aged 1–44 yrs (table 1
, fig. 1) and became less common with increasing age.
Multiple mentions of OLD on the death certificate
Of death certificates where there was any mention of OLD from 1993–1999, a total of 15,295 (8.5%) males and 6,864 (5.4%) females had more than one OLD mentioned (usually two). The commonest combinations were chronic bronchitis (ICD-9 491) with emphysema (ICD-9 492), followed by emphysema (ICD-9 492) with chronic airways obstruction (ICD-9 496) then asthma (ICD-9 493) with chronic airways obstruction (ICD-9 496).
Time trends 1993–1999
Trends in deaths with any mention of OLD on the death certificate paralleled those where OLD was the underlying cause of death (fig. 2) and Chi-squared tests suggested these were statistically significant linear trends (p<0.001). The proportion of all death certificates with any mention of OLD decreased in males from 10.4% in 1993 to 9.9% in 1999 and increased in females from 6.0% in 1993 to 6.5% in 1999. Since mentions of COPD comprised the majority of OLD mentions, the trends for COPD closely paralleled those for OLD. However, age-standardised rates for any mention of asthma fell faster than those for COPD and the rates for asthma as an underlying cause of death fell faster than those for any mention of asthma (table 3).
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). A disease of the circulatory system (ICD-9 Chapter 7) was listed as the underlying cause of death in approximately a quarter of all deaths that had an OLD mentioned on their death certificate, with a further 8% of males and 5% of females having a neoplasm (ICD-9 Chapter 2) and 4% of male and female deaths with a respiratory system disease (excluding OLD) as the underlying cause of death during the study period.
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) showed that the commonest causes of death where OLD was mentioned but not the underlying cause were ischaemic heart disease, followed by lung cancer and bronchopneumonia. These rankings were fairly stable over 1993–1999, but "Acute, but ill-defined cerbrovascular disease" (ICD-9 436), a code used for stroke was one of the top five causes in 1993 only for both sexes. Heart failure (ICD-9 428) also featured in the top five causes of death (with different rankings for males and females) and this may have included some cases of cor pulmonale, if not clearly specified by the certifying doctor. The specific code for chronic cor pulmonale (ICD-9 416.9) was the 19th most common underlying cause of death in females and 27th most common in males in 1993–1999 in this group of decedents and became progressively less common over time, falling from 94 cases in 1993 to 44 cases in 1999 in males and 62 to 34 cases in females.
The most frequent four-digit codes for both males and females were 410.0, acute myocardial infarction and 414.9, other forms of chronic ischaemic heart disease, unspecified (table 4). The top five four-digit ICD causes of death generally occurred in the same order in each year. The percentage of cases with "other forms of chronic ischaemic heart disease" as the underlying cause of death remained fairly stable over the study period, but the percentage attributed to acute myocardial infarction fell (from 9.5% in 1993 to 6.7% in 1999 in males and 8.1% in 1993 to 5.1% in 1999 in females).
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Discussion |
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Underlying cause of death may be a reasonable measure of certified deaths for some conditions such as myocardial infarction: underlying cause comprised 93.6% of any mentions of myocardial infarction on the death certificate in a recent English study 13. However, the present analysis demonstrated that use of underlying cause of death may substantially underestimate the contribution of OLD to mortality in England and Wales. Despite this, time trends for OLD as an underlying cause of death should be similar to those for deaths to which OLD has contributed.
Not all patients with OLD in life will have OLD mentioned on the death certificate, for example, because it did not contribute to the final illness or because of poor recording of comorbidities. The Tucson Epidemiologic Study of Airways Obstructive Diseases 14 suggested that patients with spirometric evidence of airways disease in life only had airways disease reported on the death certificate in 13% (9 of 71 cases), but that the percentage was much higher (77%) in cases with moderate-to-severe disease (patients with forced expiratory volume in one second % <50). A 22-yr follow-up of 5,542 adults in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) found that 47.7% of patients with severe COPD at baseline had COPD listed on the death certificate and 23.1% had COPD as the underlying cause of death 15. However, COPD diagnosis was based at spirometry at baseline only, percentages would almost certainly have been higher if information on COPD progression during follow-up had been available.
Ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer and bronchopneumonia (table 3) formed the major underlying causes of death in England and Wales, where OLD was mentioned on the certificate but not the immediate cause of death. These findings are broadly in agreement with those in the Tucson study 14: where airways obstructive disease was mentioned on the death certificate (86 decedents), the underlying cause ofdeath was cardiovascular (ICD-9 410.9–414.9) in 42% of cases, other pulmonary diseases (ICD-9 485-6, 512–516 and 799.1) in 26% and malignancy (ICD-9 153.9–197.7) in 9%. Minor differences may relate to the time periods covered (1972–1986 for the Tucson study) and the smaller numbers involved for the Tucson study. Zielinski et al. 5 examined causes of deaths in 215 patients on long-term oxygen therapy in seven European countries. They found that the major causes of death were acute-on-chronic respiratory failure (38%), cor pulmonale with oedema (13%), pulmonary infection (11%), pulmonary embolism (10%), fatal arrhythmia (8%) and lung cancer (7%). While it is difficult to make direct comparisons as ICD coded (underlying) causes of death were not given, the European patients with severe COPD had higher proportions of death from cor pulmonale and from lung cancer than this British general population sample (table 3).
Mortality data for England and Wales are nearly 100% complete and almost all registered deaths have been certified by a medical practitioner or coroner 6. In 1993, automated coding for cause of death was introduced, incorporating software developed in the USA and applying the American interpretation of the WHO rules, which aids some international comparisons 6. However, <10% of deaths certified by doctors in England and Wales include information from a post mortem 6 and this may lead to some inaccuracies in the certified cause of death. Studies of death certificates suggest that a label of asthma may be preferentially applied to females with COPD and that some asthma deaths are recorded as COPD and vice versa 16, 17. Because of this and variations in physician preferences for the various COPD codes, the current authors chose to analyse OLD comprising all COPD and asthma codes. Other limitations of death certificate data are the lack of information on the severity of disease and riskfactor information such as occupational exposures and cigarette smoking 3.
Few analyses on the validity of UK death certificates in OLD have been conducted in recent years. Two studies conducted within 10 yrs of the present analysis found reasonable agreement of death certificates with hospital and case notes. Guite and Burney 18 convened an expert panel to review deaths in 1988–1992 occurring in a cohort of 2,382 patients previously hospitalised for asthma, to see if these might have been due to asthma. The panel identified 26 asthma deaths, of which 24 (92%) were certified as asthma, two (8%) had been attributed to COPD and two (8%) to cardiovascular disease. Smyth et al. 17 reviewed case notes of decedents in Northern Ireland in 1987 aged <75 yrs where asthma or COPD was mentioned anywhere on the death certificate. The panel found the same number of deaths where OLD was the underlying cause as had been certified to OLD, but these were differently distributed. Of the 174 deaths where OLD was certified the underlying cause of death, 125 (72%) were confirmed as OLD. Of 176 deaths where OLD was mentioned but not the underlying cause, the panel considered that OLD should have been the underlying cause in 49 (28%) of cases. It is unclear how relevant these finding are to the present analysis as coding was not computerised and the authors commented on the variable application of coding rules to determine the underlying cause of death by the registering officers.
In conclusion, this study aimed to better determine the epidemiology of deaths from obstructive lung disease in England and Wales. Underlying cause of death data are commonly used when looking at the burden of lung disease 19 but were found to substantially underestimate the number of deaths to which obstructive lung disease makes a contribution. Where obstructive lung disease was mentioned but not the underlying cause of death, the commonest causes were other smoking-related conditions such as heart disease and lung cancer. Formal medical record review of decedents isnow needed to definitively determine the degree to whichdeath certification underestimates the contribution of obstructive lung disease to mortality.
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| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
: bronchitis; 
: emphysema; 
: COPD unspecified; 
: asthma; 
: other.
: OLD any mention; 
: OLD as underlying cause.