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1 Queen Mary's Hospital for Children, Wrythe Lane, Carshalton, Surrey and 2 Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, The Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, UK
CORRESPONDENCE: R. Chavasse, Queen Mary's Hospital for Children, Wrythe Lane, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 1AA, UK. Fax: 44 2086446878. E-mail: richard.chavasse@epsom-sthelier.nhs.uk
Keywords: asthma, children, cystic fibrosis, noseclip, spirometry
Received: June 5, 2002
Accepted January 6, 2003
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Abstract |
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Children attending the asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) clinics were asked to perform two sets of spirometry, one with and one without noseclips in random order, 20-min apart.
Paired data was obtained on 62 patients (32 asthma, 30 CF) with a median age of 11.4 yrs (range 7.2–17.2 yrs). There were no systematic differences in FEV1 or FVC measured with and without noseclips, although seven children (11%) had clinically significant differences in FEV1 of >190 mL.
There is no clear advantage to wearing noseclips when performing open-circuit spirometry. Individuals should be assessed to ascertain their optimal technique, which should then be used consistently in clinical practice. Noseclips should probably be retained for research protocols.
Open-circuit spirometry is frequently used in paediatric respiratory clinics to assess pulmonary status. Standardisation of technique is paramount to produce reproducible measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and mean forced expiratory flows (FEF25–75%). Guidelines for spirometry have been published by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) 1 and the European Respiratory Society 2 in which the use of noseclips is encouraged.
In a survey of 25 secondary and tertiary paediatric respiratory clinics in the UK, noseclips were used routinely in only four (16%), intermittently in one and not used in the remaining 20. There is a perception that children may be frightened of, or dislike wearing noseclips. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the use of noseclips has not been assessed previously in children. They aimed to ascertain whether noseclips affected the measurements and reproducibility of FVC, FEV1 and FEF25–75% in children with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF).
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Methods |
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Each subject was asked to perform two sets of spirometry, one with and one without noseclips. The sets were performed in random order, assigned by sealed envelope, stratified by disease. The two sets of measurements were performed on the same day with an interval of at least 20 min between sets. Each set consisted of three to five maximal expiratory flow volume manoeuvres to obtain three acceptable manoeuvres. Measurements were accepted in accordance with the ATS guidelines 1. The best FVC and FEV1 were recorded for each set. FEF25–75% was taken from the manoeuvre with the highest sum of FVC and FEV1 1.
Following the second set of measurements, preference of technique was gauged by asking each subject "Did you find it easier to perform the test with or without noseclips?".
The mean±sd of FVC, FEV1 and FEF25–75% were calculated for tests performed with and without noseclips. The difference in measurements from individual subjects was compared using the Bland and Altman 3 technique, giving mean difference±sd and 95% limits of agreement (mean difference±2 sd of differences). A clinically significant difference between techniques was defined as an absolute difference in FEV1 of 190 mL 4. The within-occasion variability of FEV1 and FVC was assessed by calculation of the coefficient of variation (sd/meanx100) of the three manoeuvres in each set.
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Results |
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). Two other studies were abandoned as the subjects became increasingly wheezy during testing (spirometry-induced bronchospasm). Six subjects left the clinic without performing the second set of measurements.
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). Seven subjects (11%) of median age 12 yrs (11.2–15.2 yrs) had a difference in FEV1 of 
190 mL. In four, the higher value was obtained without using noseclips whilst in three it was greater with noseclips. The maximum absolute difference was 490 mL in one subject with CF. There was no relationship between the optimal technique and order of testing.
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Twenty-four subjects preferred performing spirometry without noseclips whilst 22 preferred using them. Sixteen subjects were unable to state a preference for either technique. The preferred method did not necessarily produce the best result nor was preference related to subject age.
The coefficient of variation of measurements of FEV1 was significantly lower when using noseclips (2.94±2.11 versus 4.45±3.4%; p<0.01) but there was no difference in FVC. Subjects with CF showed greater variation between manoeuvres than those with asthma, both with and without noseclips (table 2).
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Discussion |
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190 mL) but these differences occurred in both directions in similar numbers. To the best of the authors' knowledge there has been no similar study in children, however, similar results have been demonstrated in adults 5. Surprisingly, there was no particular preference for or against using noseclips, and importantly, children did not appear to perform better with their preferred option. Subjects who were accustomed to performing spirometry were studied in order to reduce excessive variability due to inexperience with the technique. Subjects with an exacerbation of symptoms were also excluded as increased variation may have occurred on repeated testing, potentially clouding the results. Only subjects with CF or asthma were studied. Results should only be extrapolated to subjects with alternative diagnoses undergoing pulmonary evaluation with care. Whilst subjects with, for example, idiopathic bronchiectasis would not be expected to differ from those with CF, other patient groups may, such as those with neuromuscular conditions associated with palatial or facial weakness.
A weakness in this study is that it is cross-sectional. The authors have not shown whether findings in individuals are consistent over time (e.g. whether a child always performs better with or without noseclips). Furthermore, the authors have not been able to assess whether noseclips are beneficial to those performing the test infrequently or for the first time. Why some individuals performed better when either using noseclips or not cannot be explained.
The within-occasion variability in asthmatic children with asthma was less than in CF. Increased variability in CF has been demonstrated before 6 as has differences in variability between different spirometric indices (FEV1 versus FVC) 6, 7. Variability is decreased when wearing noseclips. This would reduce the magnitude of change required to detect a clinically significant event (e.g. bronchodilator response), if, as in many institutions, percentage change from baseline is used as the measure of significance.
Current reference ranges have, almost exclusively, been compiled using noseclips 8. To make legitimate comparisons with these ranges, methodology should conform to that used in their construction. It would therefore be logical to encourage the use of noseclips. However, the present results would indicate that as a group, measurements made with and without noseclips are no different. Therefore, in clinical practice, it would be reasonable to compare measurements made without noseclips with the same reference range, supporting the practice of the majority of paediatric units in the UK. To maintain integrity, whilst using current reference ranges, research protocols should continue to include the use of noseclips.
In conclusion, the use of noseclips does not introduce any systematic bias in open-circuit spirometry. In view of the preference findings, it would seem reasonable to offer children a choice, recording what was actually used. In the absence of longitudinal data it would seem appropriate to be consistent in the technique used in subsequent measurements. If the pulmonary function results appear inconsistent with clinical state, it would be appropriate to repeat the tests using the opposite method. Comparisons between tests performed using the different techniques in individual patients should be made with caution.
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  C Newall, T M McCauley, J Shakespeare, and B G Cooper Is it necessary to use a noseclip in the performance of spirometry using a wedge bellows device? Chronic Respiratory Disease, February 1, 2007; 4(1): 53 - 57. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 U. Langkulsen, W. Jinsart, K. Karita, and E. Yano Respiratory symptoms and lung function in Bangkok school children Eur J Public Health, December 1, 2006; 16(6): 676 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Aurora, J. Stocks, C. Oliver, C. Saunders, R. Castle, G. Chaziparasidis, and A. Bush Quality Control for Spirometry in Preschool Children with and without Lung Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2004; 169(10): 1152 - 1159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Carter Noseclips in children performing spirometry Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2003; 22(6): 1046 - 1046. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Chavasse From the Authors Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2003; 22(6): 1046 - 1046. [Full Text] [PDF]
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: cystic fibrosis; - - -: 95% limit of agreement.