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1 Unit of Pneumonology, General Hospital of Serranía, Ronda, 2 Dept of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cádiz, and 3 Dept of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
CORRESPONDENCE: J-M. Ignacio-García, C/Sevilla 103, E-29400, Ronda, Málaga, Spain. Fax: 34 95 2876148. E-mail: jose1066@separ.es
Keywords: asthma, education, peak expiratory flow rate, self-management
Received: February 23, 2002
Accepted June 14, 2002
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Abstract |
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Changes in asthma-related morbidity parameters, lung function and use of different classes of drugs before intervention and after 1, 2 and 3 yrs of the asthma education programme were compared using Friedman one-way analysis of variance.
Improvements in the number of days off work or school, general practitioner consultations, admissions to emergency services, hospital admissions and nocturnal awakenings, as well as increases in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), were significant. Comparison of data obtained at 1 yr and 2–3 yrs showed significant differences in the number of asthma-associated sleep disruptions, days off work or school and unscheduled visits to the general practitioner, as well as FEV1, but significant differences between the data obtained at 2 and 3 yrs were not observed. The percentage of patients using oral steroids had decreased significantly at 3 yrs.
In adults with chronic asthma, an asthma self-management education programme coupled with educational reinforcement was effective at decreasing asthma morbidity, improving lung function and decreasing consumption of oral steroids.
Asthma continues to be an important cause of chronic morbidity. The disease has great economic impact because of the burden it places on health resources and the loss of productivity caused by absenteeism from work or school. During the 1990s, a variety of educational and self-management programmes were designed and implemented to train patients to control their asthma 1. Logically, patients more knowledgeable about asthma and its treatment would be more likely to self-detect and react to acute exacerbations more efficiently. Patient education has been promoted as an important component of asthma management plans but it is still unclear which components of these self-management education programmes are essential to their success. Review of the literature published to date 2–27 indicates that education programmes that include general information on asthma, correct inhaler technique, acquisition of self-management skills based on clinical or functional data (home monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)) and an individualised written action plan lead to reduced morbidity and decreased use of healthcare services in adult patients with chronic asthma. Although it may be anticipated that improvements in asthma severity attributed to educational procedures and the development of self-management behaviour would have long-term effects, most studies have involved short-term programmes of up to 12 months.
The long-term effects of an asthma self-management education programme coupled with active educational reinforcement intervention at follow-up was assessed in a 3-yr prospective study.
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Methods |
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TOPAbstractMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferences |
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2 yrs previously were invited to take part in a programme aimed at improving asthma self-management. Patients were consecutively recruited between January–June 1996. Those who agreed and gave written informed consent were studied for 3 yrs. All patients were assigned to the same asthma self-management education programme. The methods of obtaining outcome data consisted of review of the patient's medical records, registers of PEFR monitoring and diary cards, and structured interviews conducted during the study. A single physician was responsible for collection of data and modification of treatment at follow-up visits. The initial assessment (visit 1) included complete medical history taking, physical examination, and spirometry to determine forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC. Medical regimens were tailored to each patient's asthma pattern according to current guidelines and consensus reports on the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. Individual written therapeutic schedules were provided for each patient. Emphasis was placed on explaining correct inhaler technique and use of devices. Patients also received information on the general concepts of asthma and its management and provoking factors and how to avoid them, and were taught to measure their PEFR using a Mini-Wright Peak-Flow Meter (Clement Clarke International Ltd, Harlow, England). Measurements were made twice a day, just before inhaler use. Patients received diary cards to record diurnal and nocturnal symptoms, as well as the need for short-acting ß2-agonists (rescue medication).
One month after the first assessment (visit 2), the following key points were checked: inhaler technique, effective use of peak flow meters, compliance with patient's diary card, need for ß2-agonists, and information regarding the disease, as well as environmental triggers and how to avoid them. When required, further explanations were given and modifications to be implemented were discussed with the patient. Ongoing education was provided in the form of written information on the use and utility of various drugs (table 1
) and recognition and appropriate management of acute exacerbations (tables 2–4). Patients with severe persistent asthma and those in whom, according to their PEFR diary card, the physician detected discrepancies between the patient's clinical condition and lung function, as well as patients poorly compliant in the educator's opinion, used peak flow readings as the basis for their therapeutic plan (table 3). In the remaining patients, after 1 month of daily PEFR measurement, the self-management plan was based on clinical symptoms (table 4). Written action plans were delivered to each patient.
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Morbidity outcomes included the number of days lost from work or school, unscheduled general practitioner visits, emergency department visits, to either the primary care centre or the acute care hospital, hospital admissions and asthma-related sleep disruptions (nocturnal awakenings). Morbidity data for the year prior to enrolment were compared with results obtained at 1, 2 and 3 yrs after the programme was completed. Lung function, FEV1 expressed as an absolute value (in litres) and as a percentage of the predicted value, was measured at the beginning of the study and annually thereafter. The use of drugs, expressed as the percentage of patients using each class of drug, was measured at the beginning (0 months) and end of the study (36 months).
Statistical analysis
The impact of educational reinforcement intervention on asthma morbidity parameters and lung function was assessed using Friedman one-way analysis of variance. Percentages of drug use before and after the intervention were analysed using Pearson's Chi-squared test; the association (>1.96) or dissociation (<–1.96) of consumption of different drugs at the beginning and end of the study was measured by means of typified residual calculation. Significance was set at 5%.
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Results |
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. Fifty per cent of patients belonged to a low social class and only 16% were unemployed. Ten patients received a pension due to asthma. The majority of patients (75%) suffered from moderate persistent asthma according to the classification of the Global Initiative for Asthma 28. The self-management plans used to guide therapy were based on symptoms in 39 patients and on PEFR measurements in 24.
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and 7. The results of the Friedman test for the comparison of all variables at the four time points (1 yr before the study and at 1, 2 and 3 yrs) were significant (p<0.001). Comparison of data for 1, 2 and 3 yrs of follow-up showed significant decreases in the number of days off work or school, unscheduled visits to the primary care physician and nocturnal awakenings, as well as significant improvements in FEV1 (p<0.001). However, significant differences between the data obtained at 2 and 3 yrs were not observerd. All patients (100%) had inhaled steroids prescribed before and at the end of the study. Conversely, there were no significant differences in the percentage of patients using long-acting ß2-agonists or theophylline at baseline and at the end of the study (57 versus 65% and 14 versus 6.3%, respectively). However, the percentage of patients using oral steroids had decreased significantly at the end of the study (22 versus 11%, p<0.05).
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Discussion |
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To the present authors' knowledge, there are only two previous studies on the long-term follow-up of patients who have completed an asthma self-management programme, both conducted in a rural indigenous Maori community 29, 30. Of the 69 paticipants who originally enrolled in the 6-month "credit card" asthma self-management plan, 58 were surveyed 2 yrs after completion of the programme and 47 after 6 yrs. Participants were surveyed using a questionnaire and there was no further educational or therapeutic involvement with the participants or general practitioners by the research group. Although patients were still experiencing reduced morbidity from their asthma 6 yrs after the end of the self-management programme, the benefits were less than those observed at 2 yrs. Since these results were achieved without any ongoing intervention, the authors of the studies concluded that, to obtain enduring benefits from asthma education programmes, reinforcement of self-mangement skills seems to be an essential component of any follow-up 29, 30.
The present study was designed to assess the impact of a self-management education programme, previously found to be effective in a controlled trial 15, coupled with educational reinforcement on the outcome of adult asthma patients at 3 yrs. The participation rate, with 97% of the 65 patients taking part during the 3-yr follow-up period, gives consistency to the results obtained. Only two patients discontinued the study, and for reasons unrelated to the programme. When data recorded for the four time periods (previous 12 months and at 1, 2 and 3 yrs) were compared, a significant decrease in asthma-related morbidity and improvement in lung function was found. This finding indirectly indicates that improvement in the patient's condition is highly significant at 1 yr. After this period, although further reduction in the number of emergency visits and hospitalisations did not occur, lung function and other morbidity parameters, such as number of days lost from work or school, unscheduled visits to the primary care physician and asthma-related sleep disruptions, showed significant improvement at 2 yrs. It is interesting to note that the benefits of the self-management education plan appeared to be sustained and remained unchanged at 3 yrs. Moreover, the fact that all patients had inhaled steroids prescribed and that a reduction in the use of this medication, as well as of inhaled ß2-agonist and oral theophylline, was not observed suggests that the improvement in morbidity noted in this study was related to improved compliance rather than increased prescribed doses of these agents. Moreover, that beneficial results were obtained in the present study despite quite different thresholds for intervention being used compared to other studies further reflects the fact that it is the concept rather than the detail that works, and this reinforces the hypothesis that giving control to the patient enhances compliance. Better control of asthma symptoms related to the effectiveness of the asthma self-management education plan is reflected also by a significant decrease in the number of courses of oral steroids needed during the study period. The benefits obtained from the self-management education programme were similar for patients using peak flow monitoring or clinical symptoms alone, which further emphasises the importance of active individualised educational reinforcement at follow-up.
However, some potential disadvantages of the "before and after" nature of the study design and the potential areas of bias, including the lack of a control group, selection bias, use of retrospective data, Hawthorne effect and the influence of greater dedication on the part of the physician resulting in better treatment and follow-up, merit discussion. The present study was carried out in a group of consecutive patients attending the outpatient asthma clinic with a stable clinical condition during the 4 weeks prior to inclusion in the study but who, nevertheless, had used different healthcare services during the last year on at least one occasion due to an asthma exacerbation episode (the majority of the patients suffered from moderate persistent asthma). From a clinical and sociodemographic point of view, the study population was representative of the healthcare demand of the asthma population visited in routine daily practice. Data on asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency department visits are recorded in a systematic and centralised manner in all medical records, and other asthma morbidity parameters are included in the data collection form for asthma patients. In respect of "recall" of sleep disturbance (nocturnal awakening), at the time of the study design, asthma patients with positive morbidity data had outpatient visits scheduled at 3-month intervals and the presence of any mobidity indicator was recorded in the patients' medical records. Accordingly, "recall" of sleep disturbance may be expected to be reasonably accurate.
The initial benefits of the programme remaining unchanged at 3 yrs may be explained by closer control of patients, better adherence to medication associated with the person's knowledge of being under study or a more rational therapeutic approach due to better control of asthma symptoms. With regard to the lack of a control group, it may be argued that, in a previous controlled trial with a similar design but of shorter duration 15, it was found that closer control of patients in the absence of asthma education was not associated with benefits in terms of use of healthcare services, lung function or medication use. Data from others have shown that the benefits of asthma education programmes without reinforcement strategies decrease over time 30. In the present study, educational reinforcement was delivered annually, and, under normal conditions, clinical practice guidelines recommend follow-up visits scheduled at 3–6-month intervals. Conversely, benefit is unlikely to be due to greater use of medication related to closer control or follow-up of patients given that, at study entry, patients had had their asthma stabilised and data on drug use at the end of the study showed a significant decrease in the use of oral steroids and no significant changes in the use of the remaining classes of drugs. For these reasons, benefits associated with the asthma education programme coupled with regular reinforcement can reasonably be considered the consequence of behaviour changes and an increase in adherence to medication regimens induced by all measures included in the education programme that, on the one hand, allow the patient to act without delay in the case of exacerbation their asthma, and, on the other, contribute to making the patient less vulnerable to different factors that favour the development of asthma exacerbation episodes over the time-course of the disease.
In conclusion, an asthma self-management programme coupled with an annual educational intervention was effective in decreasing morbidity, improving lung function and decreasing consumption of oral steroids during a follow-up period of 3 yrs. However, larger-scale studies are needed to confirm the effects of patient education on long-term asthma morbidity. The self-management advice contained in management plans for adult asthma should be updated and potential deficiencies corrected in accordance with the results of recent major trials and evidence-based recommendations 31–33. In this respect, definition of the daily effective dose of inhaled steroids for long-term treatment 34, 35, use of long-acting ß2-agonists rather than doubling the dose of inhaled steroids 36, 37 and the development of combination inhalers 38 and add-on therapeutic strategies 39, 40 warrant further investigation.
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Acknowledgements |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  S Tousman, H Zeitz, C Bristol, and L Taylor A pilot study on a cognitive-behavioral asthma self-management program for adults Chronic Respiratory Disease, April 1, 2006; 3(2): 73 - 82. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 A. Becker, C. Lemiere, D. Berube, L.-P. Boulet, F. M. Ducharme, M. FitzGerald, T. Kovesi, and on behalf of The Asthma Guidelines Working Group o Summary of recommendations from the Canadian Asthma Consensus Guidelines, 2003 Can. Med. Assoc. J., September 13, 2005; 173(6_suppl): S3 - S11. [Full Text] [PDF]
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