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Dept of Paediatrics, Unit of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
CORRESPONDENCE: E. Baraldi, Dept of Paediatrics, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy. Fax: 39 0498213502. E-mail: eugi@pediatria.unipd.it
Keywords: airway inflammation, asthma, exhaled nitric oxide, montelukast
Received: February 21, 2002
Accepted April 12, 2002
These data were in part presented at the annual meeting of the European Respiratory Society, Berlin, Germany, September 2001.
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Abstract |
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Thirty-five children (age 11.2±0.4 yrs (mean±sem)) with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma treated with low to medium doses of ICS and FENO>20 parts per billion (ppb) were included. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: 17 patients continued ICS (group C) and 18 had montelukast added to ICS for 3 weeks (group M). FENO measurements were performed in both groups at baseline (T1) and after 3 weeks (T2), and in group M also after 2 weeks of washout. FENO was measured by a chemiluminescence analyser using an on-line method (50 mL·s–1) with nitric oxide-free air.
The overall mean daily dose of ICS was equivalent to 530±58 µg·day–1 of beclomethasone in group M and to 564±55 µg·day–1 of beclomethasone in group C. There were no significant differences in baseline FENO and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) between the two groups. After 3 weeks there was a significant reduction of FENO values in patients of group M (T1 52.2±7.8 ppb, T2 36.1±4.6 ppb) but no significant changes in group C (T1 43.5±6.0 ppb, T2 47.8±9.4 ppb). In group M after 2 weeks of montelukast withdrawal, FENO rose to baseline values (55.6±8.7 ppb).
In conclusion, after montelukast treatment there is a fractional exhaled nitric oxide reduction in asthmatic children receiving maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. This suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of montelukast additive to that of inhaled corticosteroids.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has been proposed as a simple and noninvasive marker of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients 1. Several studies have demonstrated that FENO in asthmatics is reduced by corticosteroid therapy 1, 2, and that changes in FENO due to steroid dose changes precede the improvement or worsening in asthma symptoms and lung function 1. Recently FENO was demonstrated to be useful in predicting loss of control in asthmatic subjects when inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) were withdrawn 3, with a positive predictive value similar to that obtained using sputum eosinophils and airway hyperresponsiveness, but with the advantage that FENO is an easier-to-measure, real-time parameter. This evidence suggests that FENO measurement reflects control of asthma and may help the physician in modulating anti-inflammatory therapy 1.
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LT) C4 and E4 play a key role in the pathophysiology of asthma 4. The leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) that have recently been developed selectively block the binding of Cys-LT to the CysLT1 receptor, which has been identified as the receptor through which most their actions are mediated.
While there is substantial evidence of the effect of steroid treatment on FENO 1, to date few data are available on the relationship between FENO and LTRAs. Two studies have demonstrated a reduction in FENO in asthmatic children treated with montelukast regardless of concomitant treatment with ICS 5, 6, but no study has specifically addressed the effect of montelukast given as additive therapy to ICS and the effect of successive withdrawal.
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 3-weeks treatment with montelukast added to maintenance therapy with ICS on FENO in children with mild-moderate persistent asthma. In addition, FENO was also evaluated after a 2-week post-treatment washout.
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Methods |
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800 µg·day–1 of beclomethasone) 7 at a constant dose for 
4 weeks. As recently proposed by Bisgaard et al. 5, patients were also required to have FENO>20 parts per billion (ppb). Long-acting ß2-agonist therapy was allowed during the study if it had been administered at a constant dose for 4 weeks. Short-acting ß2-agonists were allowed as needed. No other asthma medication was allowed in the previous 4 weeks and during the study. Atopy was evaluated by skin-prick test to common allergens in the area. Patients were excluded if they had acute or chronic lung diseases other than asthma, upper or lower airway infections in the previous 3 weeks or during the trial, acute asthma exacerbation, or had used oral steroids in the last month.
Healthy controls
FENO was also measured in 26 healthy White children without a history of asthma, atopy or respiratory infections in the previous 4 weeks. None of the control subjects were taking any medication or were smokers.
Study design
This study was a prospective, self-controlled, single-blind (blind to the investigator who performed FENO measurements), randomised trial. Asthmatic children were randomised into two groups at first visit (T1): 1) group M: in these patients montelukast tablets 5 mg (age14 yrs) or 10 mg (age>14 yrs) were added to maintenance ICS therapy once daily in the evening and; 2) group C: in these patients ICS therapy was maintained and continued at a constant dose. All children were evaluated after 3 weeks (T2). Patients of group M were also re-evaluated 2 weeks after withdrawal of montelukast (T3). Clinical history, physical examination, FENO measurement and pulmonary function tests were performed at each visit. The Ethics Committee of the hospital reviewed and approved the protocol and all parents gave informed consent.
Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide
FENO was measured with an on-line method by means of a computerised system (Aerocrine AB, Stockholm, Sweden) following the American Thoracic Society recommendations 8 as previously described 9. Subjects inhaled nitric oxide (NO)-free air through the mouth to total lung capacity and exhaled with a target flow of 50 mL·s–1 against a resistor for a minimum of 6–7 s until a NO plateau of 2 s was achieved. No nose clip was used. FENO, expressed as ppb, was calculated as the mean of three measurements that agreed to within 10% of the mean value.
Spirometry
Pulmonary function parameters (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity, forced midexpiratory volume (FEF25–75)) were measured by means of a 10 L bell spirometer (Biomedin, Padova, Italy), and the best of three manoeuvres, expressed as a percentage of predicted values according to Polgar and Promadhat 10, was chosen. Short-acting ß2-agonists were withheld for 8 h and long-acting ß2-agonists for 15 h prior to the measurement of lung function parameters. The spirometry was performed after FENO measurement.
Statistical analysis
Data are expressed as mean±sem. The comparison of FENO measurements between asthmatic children of group M and group C was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U-test. FENO, FEV1, FEF25–75 before and after 3 weeks of therapy and after 2 weeks of washout were compared with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Correlations between FENO and FEV1 were evaluated with the Spearman's rank correlation test. Results were considered significant at a value of p<0.05.
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Results |
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Mean FENO of the whole group of asthmatics at baseline was 48.1±4.9 ppb. At T1 mean FENO was 52.2±7.8 ppb in group M and 43.5±6 ppb in group C, with no significant differences between the two groups (p=NS). After 3 weeks of montelukast treatment FENO was significantly reduced by 26% in group M (p<0.001), while FENO did not change in group C from T1 to T2 (p=NS) (table 1
). In group M the percentage of variation in FENO from T1 to T2 was not correlated to baseline FENO values (r=0.32, p=NS). After 2 weeks of montelukast withdrawal (T3), 15 patients of group M were re-evaluated and FENO had risen to baseline value (p<0.01). The mean value of FENO in healthy children was 11.1±0.7 ppb.
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). Similarly, FEF25–75 did not change significantly between T1 and T2 (p=NS). In the whole group of asthmatic children there was no correlation between FENO and FEV1 at baseline (r=–0.03, p=ns). |
Discussion |
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Conversely, no changes in FENO were observed in the control group in which treatment with ICS was left unchanged (fig. 1).
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Leukotriene modifiers are recommended as an add-on therapy to ICS treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma 7. Recently Simons et al. 11 showed that montelukast added to ICS therapy in asthmatic children significantly improved asthma control with a clinically relevant reduction in exacerbation days.
It is known that Cys-LT are involved in the inflammatory process in the lungs. They are potent constrictors of bronchial smooth muscle, increase airway mucosa vascular permeability, blood flow and bronchial secretions 12. An important effect of Cys-LTs is their chemotactic activity for eosinophils, which are increased in the airways after inhalation of LTD4 and LTE4 13, 14. Blood eosinophils from children with asthma release more Cys-LT than those of controls, and levels are increased according to disease severity 15. One of the main biological effects of LTRAs is the reduction of airway eosinophilia, as demonstrated in bronchial biopsies 16, broncoalveolar lavage (BAL) 17, sputum and blood 18.
Evidence of airway inflammation can be found even in asthmatic subjects with mild or well-controlled symptoms 19. Indeed, the patients studied here were clinically stable but had elevated FENO levels indicative of an underlying inflammatory process. A number of studies evaluating induced sputum, BAL and bronchial biopsies have proved that FENO is associated with eosinophilic inflammation in asthmatic subjects 20 and may help in identifying patients in whom eosinophilic inflammation persists despite ICS therapy 20, 21. It has been demonstrated that FENO is higher in asthmatic patients compared to healthy subjects, that it is reduced by steroid therapy in a dose-dependent manner 1, and that changes in FENO due to steroid dose modifications precede the improvement or worsening in asthma symptoms, lung function and sputum eosinophils 1. Therefore, FENO can be considered an early marker of deteriorating asthmatic disease. However, in some adult patients with severe asthma, high levels of FENO have been reported in spite of high doses of oral or inhaled steroids 22. Recently, Wilson and Lipworth 23 showed that in adults with mild-moderate asthma there was a significant decrease in FENO between doses of budesonide of 200 µg and 400 µg, but a plateau was reached between doses of 400–800 µg. These findings suggest that in some patients asthma may be partially insensitive to the usual doses of steroids, or that corticosteroids cannot fully control all aspects of asthmatic inflammation. In a recent study, increased levels of leukotrienes in exhaled breath condensate have been demonstrated in asthmatic patients despite receiving ICS therapy 24.
While many studies have shown the in vitro reduction of Cys-LT by steroids 25, in vivo baseline excretion of Cys-LT is not suppressed by corticosteroids 26. LTE4 concentrations in BAL are not affected by high doses of oral steroids 25 and inhaled corticosteroids have no effect on urinary LTE4 excretion after allergen challenge 27. It has been suggested that some mediators present in vivo, such as interleukin 3, modulate susceptibility to corticosteroids 28.
Even though the present study was limited by the single-blind design, the reduction observed in FENO values after montelukast treatment and the rebound following its washout period in patients on long-term treatment with ICS supports the anti-inflammatory effect of LTRAs and their complementary action to that of steroids, as recently reported by Lipworth et al. 29 and Bisgaard et al. 5.
The reduction in FENO observed in the patients after montelukast therapy was not associated with significant changes in pulmonary function, in agreement with previous studies in asthmatic children 5, 6. This can probably be explained by the baseline normal lung function (mean FEV1 86%) of these children that precludes space for improvement, and highlights that normal lung function does not exclude the presence of underlying airway inflammation, as recently shown in bronchial biopsies of adolescent patients with asthma remission but increased levels of FENO 20.
In conclusion, this study shows that after montelukast treatment there is a reduction in fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic children receiving maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. This suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of montelukast additive to that of steroids and supports the contention that leukotriene receptor antagonists added to inhaled corticosteroids may be a useful second-line therapy that contributes to controlling airway inflammation.
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  P. Montuschi, C. Mondino, P. Koch, G. Ciabattoni, P. J. Barnes, and G. Baviera Effects of Montelukast Treatment and Withdrawal on Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Lung Function in Children With Asthma Chest, December 1, 2007; 132(6): 1876 - 1881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A. Straub, A. Moeller, S. Minocchieri, J. Hamacher, F. H. Sennhauser, G. L. Hall, and J. H. Wildhaber The effect of montelukast on lung function and exhaled nitric oxide in infants with early childhood asthma Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2005; 25(2): 289 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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