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Queen Elizabeth Children's Service, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
CORRESPONDENCE: S.A. McKenzie, Queen Elizabeth Children's Service, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK. Fax: 44 2073777325
Keywords: Asthma, atopy, bronchodilating response, wheezing
Received: August 11, 2000
Accepted July 18, 2001
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Abstract |
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Airway resistance was measured by the interrupter technique (Rint) before and after salbutamol in controls (n=73), coughers (n=63) and previous wheezers (n=63) aged 5–10 yrs. Immunoglobulin (Ig)-E was measured in coughers and wheezers. BDR was expressed as the ratio baseline:post-salbutamol Rint.
Groups were of similar age (mean 6.7, range 5–9.9 yrs). Geometric mean baseline Rint was similar in controls and coughers (0.66 and 0.68 kPa·L–1·s), but the baseline Rint for wheezers (0.73 kPa·L–1·s) was greater than that for controls (p=0.05) but not significantly different from coughers (p=0.17). Geometric mean BDR in coughers was 1.22, controls 1.13 and wheezers 1.30 (p=0.01 for coughers and controls; p=0.08 for coughers and wheezers; p<0.001 for controls and wheezers). IgE was lower in coughers than wheezers (geometric means 36 and 364 International Units (IU)·L–1, p<0.001) and was unrelated to BDR in both groups.
In summary, atopy, and not bronchodilator responsiveness, distinguishes groups of coughers from groups of wheezers. A diagnosis of cough-variant asthma cannot be reserved for even those school-aged coughers, who demonstrate bronchodilator responsiveness.
One of the proposed asthma phenotypes is so-called cough-variant asthma and refers to persistent or recurrent cough without wheeze. However, school-aged children with recurrent cough differ from children with wheeze in a number of clinical and epidemiological respects. In three studies, cough, unlike wheeze, was not related to bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) or to atopy 1–3. Two other studies have suggested that a family history of atopy and personal history of eczema and skin-prick sensitivity to house dust mite, are more common in children with cough than in controls but less than in wheezy children 4, 5. In preschool children,
50% of coughers demonstrate bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) similar to wheezers of the same age. In neither coughers nor wheezers was this related to atopy 6 and the coughers resembled normals with respect to atopic status 7. It is well recognized that persistent and late-onset wheezers are nearly all atopic 7. Most nonatopic preschool wheezers, (transient wheezers), are no longer symptomatic after the age of 5 yrs. There are also fewer older children with recurrent cough 8, 9. If these school-aged coughers do not demonstrate BHR and are not atopic 1–3, do some demonstrate BDR like their preschool counterparts? Are those with BDR atopic like 90% of their wheezy peers? If so, then the term cough-variant asthma for children with recurrent or persistent cough, who demonstrate BDR, could be defended. Such a subgroup of coughers could represent those most likely to benefit from inhaled corticosteroids, a treatment known to be successful in atopic asthma. The hypothesis was that schoolchildren with recurrent isolated cough demonstrate BDR and that this is related to serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)-E and allergen sensitization.
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Methods |
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The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee.
Airway resistance, bronchodilator responsiveness testing, total serum immunoglobulin-E and skin-prick testing
Airway resistance was measured by the interrupter technique (Rint), as previously described 10, using two commercial devices (MicroRint and MicroLab 4000, Micromedical Ltd, Gillingham, UK). The difference in measurements made with these devices is no greater than the intrasubject repeatability with a single device 10,11. Salbutamol 400 µg was given using a spacer (Volumatic®, Allen and Hanbury's, Uxbridge, UK) and measurement of Rint was repeated 15 min later. In coughers and wheezers, IgE was measured by radioimmunoassay and skin-prick testing (SPT) to common aeroallergens (house dust mite, grass pollens, cat and dog danders and aspergillus) and to histamine and saline controls (ALK Abelló, Hørsholm, Denmark) was performed. A weal of >3 mm to one prick classified a subject as SPT positive.
Data analysis
Data were analysed for normal distribution and transformed to log10 for analysis where appropriate. The transformed values were analysed by t-testing, simple and multiple regression. BDR was expressed as the ratio of baseline Rint to postsalbutamol Rint. Geometric means and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from the transformed values. SPT results in coughers and wheezers were compared by Chi-squared testing.
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Results |
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.There were no significant differences in age or height between the groups, but there were fewer male coughers when compared to wheezers (p=0.02). Parents of coughers reported that children were troubled by coughing on the day of the test. All had previous episodes of cough and so were recurrent coughers, but in addition, fulfilled the definition of persistent coughers.
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and all baseline:postsalbutamol Rint measurements in figure 1. The two outliers in the coughing group (fig. 1) were excluded from analysis as their values exceeded 3 standard deviations of the mean. After their exclusion, transformed data were normally distributed.
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IgE was significantly lower in coughers than in wheezers, and all but three of 43 measurements in coughers were within the normal range 7.
Relationship of lung function with total serum immunoglobulin-E and skin-prick testing
Log IgE was not related to age in this age range (regression coefficient was –0.0663, sem 0.0591, p=0.26).
There was no relationship between logbaseline Rint or logBDR and sex in any of the three groups (p>0.10). logbaseline Rint, but not logBDR, was significantly related to age (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the regression coefficients for the three groups (F2193 = 1.30, p=0.27). The common regression coefficient was –0.0333 (sem 0.0053). Using this figure, baseline measurements were corrected for age (to age 5 yrs).
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. This shows that neither baseline Rint measurements nor BDR are significantly related to IgE. The two coughers with very high BDR ratios had total serum IgE levels of 9 and 11 IU·L–1, and the three coughers with very high IgE measurements had BDR measurements of 1.21, 0.98 and 1.12 .
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Discussion |
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This study has shown that, in children aged 5–10 yrs old, recurrent cough, the geometric mean baseline Rint, lay between and was not significantly different from that of controls and wheezers. This was also true in the preschool age group 6. Although there were more males in the wheezer group, sex was unrelated to baseline Rint or BDR. The geometric mean BDR in coughers was intermediate between controls and wheezers, but the difference was not as high as that in the preschool groups 6. However, although most of the wheezers were SPT positive and had abnormally high IgE levels, as in the preschool group 6, coughers had normal IgE measurements and 90% of those tested were SPT negative. The results for the coughers are very similar to those in preschool coughers 6. It might have been expected that, since BDR is a feature of asthma, school-aged coughers who demonstrate BDR would be atopic as are most school-aged asthmatics, but this was not so. Recurrent coughers, then, irrespective of age, represent a group of children with respiratory symptoms and BDR, but without atopy. Although others have shown that coughers are no more atopic than controls 13, this is the first time the relationship between BDR and atopic status has been described. Thus, atopic status rather than BDR distinguishes school-age coughers from wheezers. The USA guidelines for the management of asthma recommend that the presence of BDR can be used for the diagnosis 14 but this will not help classify children with cough, when it is unclear from the history whether wheeze is present or not. However, the atopic status is helpful in classifying such children. This is important when a label of asthma is to be given and therapy is considered. Whilst the results here refer to a group of children, there will always be children who do not fit the model, i.e. coughers who do not perceive wheeze, who are atopic and who demonstrate BDR. Such children would resemble asthmatics. The present results suggest these are likely to be very few indeed.
If children with recurrent cough have few features of children with recurrent wheeze, then why should they demonstrate BDR? There is no evidence to suggest that older nonatopic coughers, such as those studied here, are or are not graduates of preschool nonatopic wheezers, a group who have been shown to demonstrate BDR 6. What is known about the airway in adults with persistent cough suggests that airway inflammation, perhaps in response to infection and then only in sensitive individuals, is part of the pathophysiology of persistent cough 15. Bronchial biopsies show increased epithelial desquamation and inflammatory cells, particularly mononuclear cells, suggesting airway inflammation. However, in children, differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage are no different in those with cough compared to controls, unlike the inflammatory cells seen in wheezers 16. It is difficult to compare cough studies in children because definitions differ. In population studies, it is unclear whether the coughers were coughing at the time of testing. One thing that appears to be in common is that cough is isolated. In population studies, coughers without reported wheeze are no more likely to demonstrate BHR than controls 1, 2. However, coughers demonstrate BHR to hypertonic saline at the time of coughing 17, possibly reflecting epithelial damage and the priming of airway smooth muscle with inflammatory mediators, rendering them more sensitive to bronchoconstricting agents. There is little known about the relationship of the properties of airway smooth muscle, such as contractility and phenotype, to BHR, and nothing known about their relationship to BDR 18. Surprisingly, it has been shown that BDR and BHR are only weakly related in asthmatic children 19. Although an earlier study had shown that, in a group of selected asthmatic children, Rint was as sensitive as spirometry in demonstrating BDR 20, preliminary findings suggest that Rint is more sensitive than spirometry in identifying BDR in a group of unselected children with respiratory symptoms 21. It would be interesting to compare BDR and BHR in children with persistent cough using Rint. Epithelial damage, mediator release and increased sensitivity of parasympathetic receptor reflexes, which include the cough reflex, are known to occur in rhinoviral infection 22. Rhinovirus replication persists for up to 3 weeks, long enough to cause persistent symptoms, at least in some subjects. It has been shown that children with persistent cough have increased cough receptor sensitivity (CRS) at the time of the cough, which could be related to increased sensitivity of parasympathetic reflexes 17. It is possible that rhinovirus infection could be responsible for persistent cough and BDR in susceptible subjects. This study has shown that, in addition to the observations of others of increased BHR and CRS at the time of coughing 17, 23, there is also increased BDR. If BDR returns to normal when cough resolves, then a common reason for both BDR and cough would be suggested. It will be important to follow these children with repeat studies at a time when they have been free of cough for some weeks.
If bronchodilator responsiveness is demonstrated during cough, then will bronchodilators relieve the symptom of cough? It has been shown that nocturnal cough does not improve in asthmatic children treated with a bronchodilator 24. Only one study has investigated the effect of continuous bronchodilator treatment in children with isolated cough 13, with no effect demonstrated. If inflammation underpins persistent cough, then corticosteroid treatment might be expected to help. A modest benefit has been demonstrated after 2 weeks of high-dose corticosteroids 25. Therefore, the term "cough-variant" asthma should be dropped as it can encourage misclassification of coughers as asthmatics and inappropriate prescribing of asthma treatment 26. There is enough known about children with isolated cough to distinguish them from those with wheeze and asthma and to support the term "recurrent or persistent isolated cough" as a diagnostic category.
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  J C de Jongste and M D Shields Cough * 2: Chronic cough in children Thorax, November 1, 2003; 58(11): 998 - 1003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E Y Chan, P D Bridge, I Dundas, C S Pao, M J R Healy, and S A McKenzie Repeatability of airway resistance measurements made using the interrupter technique Thorax, April 1, 2003; 58(4): 344 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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