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Copyright ©ERS Journals Ltd 2007
Transgenic and gene-targeted mice as models for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
CORRESPONDENCE: S. D. Shapiro, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston 02115, MA, USA. Fax: 1 6177327421. E-mail: sdshapiro{at}partners.org
Keywords: 
1-Antitrypsin, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, collagenase, gene-targeted mice, tumour necrosis factor-ß, transgenic mice
Received: July 3, 2006
Accepted October 25, 2006
Animal models play an important role in the understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The applicability of findings to human COPD depends upon several factors, including the disease model, and similarities in mouse structure and function between species.
There are many examples in the literature of transgenic mice that have contributed to the understanding of COPD. Several studies demonstrate the complexity of inflammatory networks and how unexpected findings in animal models have led to the search for new potential mediators in human disease.
Gene-targeting studies into
Both transgenic and gene-targeted models suffer limitations and their applicability to human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be dependant on several factors, some of which are still being learnt. The more that is known about similarities and differences, the better the knowledge will be that is gained to develop for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
1-antitrypsin (1-AT) and emphysema in mice have demonstrated that the genetic locus for 1-AT in mice is very complex and that the loss of one gene is lethal in embryo lung development. This underlines the differences between mice and humans that limit the ability to translate between systems in some instances. Gene targeting has also highlighted complex roles for transforming growth factor-ß in COPD and has been used to determine important molecules and pathways in COPD.
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