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Hypoxic ventilatory response in successful extreme altitude climbers

¹ Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia and IRCCS Ospedale S. Matteo, Pavia, and ³ Dept of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. ² Dept of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany

CORRESPONDENCE: L. Bernardi, Clinica Medica 2, Universita' di Pavia - IRCCS Ospedale S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Fax: 39 0382526259. E-mail: lbern1ps{at}unipv.it

Keywords: Altitude, hypoxia, ventilation, ventilatory control, ventilatory efficiency

Received: February 11, 2005
Accepted September 2, 2005

A very high ventilatory response to hypoxia is believed necessary to reach extreme altitude without oxygen. Alternatively, the excessive ventilation could be counterproductive by exhausting the ventilatory reserve early on.

To test these alternatives, 11 elite climbers (2004 Everest-K2 Italian Expedition) were evaluated as follows: 1) at sea level, and 2) at 5,200 m, after 15 days of acclimatisation at altitude. Resting oxygen saturation, minute ventilation, breathing rate, hypoxic ventilatory response, maximal voluntary ventilation, ventilatory reserve (at oxygen saturation = 70%) and two indices of ventilatory efficiency were measured.

Everest and K2 summits were reached 29 and 61 days, respectively, after the last measurement. Five climbers summited without oxygen, the other six did not, or succeeded with oxygen (two climbers). At sea level, all data were similar. At 5,200 m, the five summiters without oxygen showed lower resting minute ventilation, breathing rate and ventilatory response to hypoxia, and higher ventilatory reserve and ventilatory efficiency, compared to the other climbers.

Thus, the more successful climbers had smaller responses to hypoxia during acclimatisation to 5,200 m, but, as a result, had greater available reserve for the summit. A less sensitive hypoxic response and a greater ventilatory efficiency might increase ventilatory reserve and allow sustainable ventilation in the extreme hypoxia at the summit.

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