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1 Dept of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital of the University of Marburg, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany; 2 Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
CORRESPONDENCE: P.S. Hiemstra, Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Fax: 31 715266927. E-mail: p.s.hiemstra@lumc.nl
Keywords: innate immunity, defensins, cathelicidins, infections, epithelium, antimicrobial peptide
Received: August 29, 2003
Accepted October 16, 2003
The studies were supported by grants from: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, and the Cystic fibrosis foundation, Dutch Asthma foundation and Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and the European Respiratory Society.
Abstract
The human lung is exposed to a large number of airborne pathogens as a result of the daily inhalation of 10,000 litres of air. The observation that respiratory infections are nevertheless rare is testimony to the presence of an efficient host defence system at the mucosal surface of the lung.
The airway epithelium is strategically positioned at the interface with the environment, and thus plays a key role in this host defence system. Recognition systems employed by airway epithelial cells to respond to microbial exposure include the action of the toll-like receptors.
The airway epithelium responds to such exposure by increasing its production of mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. Recent findings indicate the importance of these peptides as effector molecules of innate immunity by killing microorganisms, but also as regulators of inflammation, immunity and wound repair. Finally, the clinical relevance of the functions of the airway epithelium in innate immunity is discussed.
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