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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a systemic disease: an epidemiological perspective

Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

CORRESPONDENCE: H. Andreassen, Dept of Respiratory Medicine 221, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark. Fax: 45 36323716. E-mail: helleandreassen@ofir.dk

Keywords: body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, epidemiology, muscle dysfunction, weight loss

Received: June 30, 2003
Accepted June 30, 2003

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been increasingly recognised as a systemic disease. The hormonal, metabolic and musculoskeletal implications of the generalised processes involving oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and endocrine hormones have only begun to be understood.

Only a few studies have looked into the epidemiology of inflammatory markers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Common extrapulmonary effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include skeletal muscle dysfunction, wasting and osteoporosis. The resulting effects of a systemic inflammation can be measured at specific extrapulmonary organs such as skeletal muscle or in more general terms using body composition, body weight or derived measures, and only a few studies have set the parameters in an epidemiological context. Nevertheless, these studies indicate an association between inflammatory markers and forced expiratory volume in one second not only in subjects with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Also, it is increasingly clear that systemic markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have important effects on prognosis.

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