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1 National Heart and Lung Institute, ImperialCollege, London, UK, 2 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 3 Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
CORRESPONDENCE: P.J. Barnes, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse St, London, SW3 6LY, UK. Fax: 44 2073515675. E-mail: p.j.barnes@imperial.ac.uk
Keywords: chemokine, cytokine, emphysema, macrophage, oxidative stress, protease
Received: April 10, 2003
Accepted June 12, 2003
The meeting "COPD: the important questions" held in Malta in November 2002 was sponsored by AstraZeneca.
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a leading cause of death and disability, but has only recently been extensively explored from a cellular and molecular perspective.
There is a chronic inflammation that leads to fixed narrowing of small airways and alveolar wall destruction (emphysema). This is characterised by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of multiple inflammatory mediators (lipids, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors). A high level of oxidative stress may amplify this inflammation. There is also increased elastolysis and evidence for involvement of several elastolytic enzymes, including serine proteases, cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases.
The inflammation and proteolysis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an amplification of the normal inflammatory response to cigarette smoke. This inflammation, in marked contrast to asthma, appears to be resistant to corticosteroids, prompting a search for novel anti-inflammatory therapies that may prevent the relentless progression of the disease.
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