|
 |
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Copyright ©ERS Journals Ltd 2003
Increased inflammatory markers in the exhaled breath condensate of cigarette smokers
1 Institute of Respiratory Disease, University of Bari, Italy. 2 Dept of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, UK. 3 Institute of Respiratory Disease, University of Foggia, Italy
CORRESPONDENCE: P.J. Barnes, Dept of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK. Fax: 44 2073515675. E-mail: p.j.barnes@ic.ac.uk
Keywords: airway inflammation, carbon monoxide, interleukin-6, leukotriene B4, smokers
Received: March 19, 2002
Accepted December 20, 2002
Cigarette smoking induces an inflammatory response in the airways that may play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Noninvasive markers of inflammation may, therefore, be useful in monitoring the airways of smokers as well as in the screening of subjects at high risk of developing airway obstruction.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-6, is increased in the exhaled breath condensate of smokers and whether the number of cigarettes smoked has any influence on the exhaled concentrations. The possibility that exhaled IL-6 levels are related to exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and lung function has also been explored. Another inflammatory marker, leukotriene (LT), was also measured.
Twenty-one smokers (39±7 yrs, 13 male) and 14 nonsmokers (45±6 yrs, eight male) were recruited. IL-6 and LTB4 levels in the breath condensate were measured with an immunoassay kit and exhaled CO examined by means of a modified electrochemical sensor. Higher IL-6 and exhaled CO concentrations were found in current smokers (5.6±1.4 pg·mL–1 and 16.7±5.5 parts per million (ppm)) than in nonsmokers (2.6±0.2 pg·mL–1 and 2.1±0.6 ppm). Elevated concentrations of LTB4 were also observed in smokers compared to nonsmokers (9.4±0.4 pg·mL–1 versus 6.1±0.3 pg·mL–1). In addition, there was a correlation between IL-6 concentrations, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, exhaled CO, LTB4 and lung function.
Exhaled interleukin-6 and leukotriene B4 levels may be useful noninvasive markers of airway inflammation in cigarette smokers.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Z. L. Borrill, K. Roy, and D. Singh Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in COPD Eur. Respir. J., August 1, 2008; 32(2): 472 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. D. Douillet, W. P. Robinson III, P. M. Milano, R. C. Boucher, and P. B. Rich Nucleotides induce IL-6 release from human airway epithelia via P2Y2 and p38 MAPK-dependent pathways Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): L734 - L746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. C. Nicolaou, L. A. Lowe, C. S. Murray, A. Woodcock, A. Simpson, and A. Custovic Exhaled Breath Condensate pH and Childhood Asthma: Unselected Birth Cohort Study Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2006; 174(3): 254 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Barnes, B. Chowdhury, S. A. Kharitonov, H. Magnussen, C. P. Page, D. Postma, and M. Saetta Pulmonary Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 1, 2006; 174(1): 6 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. E. Carpagnano, M P. Foschino Barbaro, M. Cagnazzo, G Di Gioia, T Giliberti, C Di Matteo, and O Resta Use of Exhaled Breath Condensate in the Study of Airway Inflammation After Hypertonic Saline Solution Challenge Chest, November 1, 2005; 128(5): 3159 - 3166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Carpagnano, M. P. Foschino-Barbaro, G. Mule, O. Resta, S. Tommasi, A. Mangia, F. Carpagnano, G. Stea, A. Susca, G. Di Gioia, et al. 3p Microsatellite Alterations in Exhaled Breath Condensate from Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 15, 2005; 172(6): 738 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Horvath, J. Hunt, P. J. Barnes, and On behalf of the ATS/ERS Task Force on Exhaled Bre Exhaled breath condensate: methodological recommendations and unresolved questions Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2005; 26(3): 523 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Troosters Oxygen: the good, the bad, and the necessary... Thorax, December 1, 2004; 59(12): 1005 - 1006. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Kharitonov and P. J. Barnes Effects of Corticosteroids on Noninvasive Biomarkers of Inflammation in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Proceedings of the ATS, November 1, 2004; 1(3): 191 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Moloney, S. E. Mumby, R. Gajdocsi, J. H. Cranshaw, S. A. Kharitonov, G. J. Quinlan, and M. J. Griffiths Exhaled Breath Condensate Detects Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation after Cardiothoracic Surgery Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2004; 169(1): 64 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |